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Historical and targeted electric shares of new passenger vehicle sales by markets.

Historical and targeted electric shares of new passenger vehicle sales by markets.

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Technical Report
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Many national and local governments around the world motivated to achieve climate, air quality, and industrial growth objectives have announced bold vehicle electrification goals. Many of the governments are turning those goals into action by implementing policies to overcome the prevailing barriers and accelerate electric vehicle uptake. This bri...

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... progress has been made through 2019, the global transition to electric vehicles is still at an early stage. Figure 5 compares the historical EV share of new passenger vehicle sales in high EV-volume markets with their vehicle electrification targets. 17 Norway is the only country that appears to be truly on track to meet its EV goal. ...

Citations

... Understanding user behavior and charging patterns, influenced by factors like station availability, costs, travel habits, and preferences, is crucial for optimizing EV charging infrastructure. [19]  Charging Preferences and Locations: Most EV owners prefer home charging due to its convenience and lower costs, accounting for about 80% of all charging activities, typically overnight. [20] Public and workplace charging are used for longer trips, quick daytime charges, and daily commuting. ...
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The shift towards sustainable transportation has accelerated the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs), demanding advancements in EV charging infrastructure. [1] This thesis, "Shaping the Future: Improvements in EV Charging Infrastructure," explores the critical role of enhancing charging networks to boost EV adoption and usage. It delves into the status, challenges, technological innovations, regulatory frameworks, and evaluates the collective impact on future mobility. In-depth investigations reveal the challenges facing the existing EV charging infrastructure, such as grid capacity limitations, interoperability issues, and regulatory complexities. [2] It also compares global strategies from countries like Germany and India to evaluate the impact of government policies, subsidies, and incentives on infrastructure deployment. The research identifies emerging trends, including wireless charging, bidirectional capabilities, and smart, connected charging stations, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize the EV charging experience. It assesses the economic and environmental sustainability of integrating renewable energy sources into charging networks, as well as the scalability and adaptability of the infrastructure to evolving demands. [3] By synthesizing these findings, the thesis provides insights into future directions for the development of EV charging infrastructure. It offers recommendations for overcoming current barriers, fostering technological innovation, and harmonizing regulations to create a seamless, sustainable, and universally accessible EV charging environment.
... Более 20 государств заявили о целях по полному или частичному вытеснению из продаж традиционных автомобилей с двигателем внутреннего сгорания (далее -ДВС), работающих на жидком топливе, к 2025-2050 гг. (Cui et al., 2020). Это способствует достижению таких Целей в области устойчивого развития, как: ЦУР 7 (недорогостоящая и чистая энергия), ЦУР 9 (индустриализация, инновации и инфраструктура), ЦУР 11 (устойчивые города и населенные пункты), ЦУР 13 (борьба с изменением климата) (United Nations, n.d.). ...
Article
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To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, to solve environmental and climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase are practically zero, but this is not the case if we consider a full life cycle. In this paper, we briefly describe the electric vehicle market, examine the life-cycle emissions of electric cars and ICE cars, propose a methodological approach to the economic assessment of negative impact of emissions from road transport, carry out a comparative assessment of external costs of cars that run on traditional and alternative fuel. To achieve these goals, we use the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which allows to calculate country-specific and time-adjusted value of a statistical life, and consider the characteristics of Russia`s energy balance and automotive market. The results demonstrate that, in general, under Russian conditions, electric cars are more environmentally friendly and contribute less to climate change than cars with internal combustion engines. The external costs caused by life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of an electric car are lower than similar emissions from a traditional car by about 70 rubles per 100 km. The external costs caused by emissions of pollutants from the electric car operationphase are lower than external costs caused by emissions from an ICE car by approximately20 rubles per 100 km.
... Introducing electric vehicles (EVs) has been considered to reduce CO 2 emissions in the transportation sector, and a specific analysis has been conducted to determine their effectiveness [10,11]. The shift from internal combustion engine vehicles to EVs has been reported to be progressing rapidly [12][13][14]. However, it has been suggested that EVs cannot significantly reduce CO 2 emissions in countries with high CO 2 emission coefficients from power generation and that the widespread use of EVs may lead to an increase in CO 2 [15]. ...
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This paper describes the development of low-speed electric community buses (LSECBs) designed by the author's group and their spread situation in Japan. LSECBs are electric vehicles that can travel on public roads at speeds of less than 5.56 m/s (20 km/h). The university, local government, local businesses, and residents with a co-design approach developed the LSECBs. They have various advantages such as safety due to low speed and low energy consumption. In particular, the LSECBs have features not found in ordinary vehicles, such as the ability to friendly talk with other passengers in the vehicle and to see the surroundings. The purpose of using LSECBs is mostly for sightseeing, but they are also used to enhance the mobility of elderly people in the community. In Japan, public transportation plans are formulated by each local government, but local governments with weak finances do not provide sufficient financial support to the companies responsible for public transportation. As a result, public transportation services have been reduced or eliminated due to the business conditions of private companies, and many elderly people with reduced mobility, called "people with shopping difficulties," have been left behind. Under these situations, it is necessary to discuss what kind of contribution LSECBs can make. Moreover, the LSECBs require special driving methods so as not to cause traffic congestion when mixed with other ordinal vehicles. In this paper, we report on the development concept, features of the LSECBs, their special driving method, positioning as a transportation policy, and their potential as stainable mobility.
... Currently, two main technologies for road truck acceptance, i.e., battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, will most likely constitute the future market. In 2020, China put forward a goal of "New Energy Vehicle Sales Accounting for 20% of Vehicle Sales by the End of 2035 (Cui et al., 2021)." Under this initiative, the GHG emissions of light-duty vehicles using natural gas will achieve a reduction of around 40% compared to gasoline-powered ones during the use phase. ...
Article
With global increases in population and economic growth, refrigerated transport trucks play a critical role in human life, food quality and security, and environmental issues. However, little research has been done on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising from refrigerated trucks that are rapidly increasing in developing countries, such as China. As such, projecting GHG emissions associated with refrigerated trucks and exploring effective measures to mitigate its global warming impact is necessary to reach climate goals. This study presents a carbon footprint novel model for evaluating refrigerated trucks by considering the lifecycle impacts of their refrigeration systems (refrigerators and refrigerants), insulated truck bodies, and truck chassis, including these elements' production, transportation, installation, use and repair, and recycling phases. We then quantitatively evaluate refrigerated trucks' overall carbon footprint based on data from seven typical regions in China. Our results show that the carbon footprint is remarkably high in the use phase, accounting for approximately 96% of an refrigerated truck's total GHG emissions. The hotspots in the refrigerated truck lifecycle have been identified as fuel consumption and the temperature difference between the outside and inside of the insulated truck body during the use phase. Moreover, we prioritize four low-carbon management strategies to mitigate the refrigerated truck sector's climate change impact, including energy efficiency improvement, clean electricity grid supply, environmentally friendly refrigerants, and alternative refrigeration technologies.
... On the other hand, the percentage of sales shares of electric passenger vehicles among new passenger vehicles is 1%, 2.5%, and 2.8% in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. Moreover, the deployment of EV in the world has reached over 100 countries [6]. ...
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Electric vehicle (EV) becomes an important option to overcome limited resources of fossil energy resources and to reduce side effects of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) on the environment and health. However, the implementation policy of EV needs to apply carefully to make this policy sustainable and to minimize its side effects. Therefore, the Government of a country plays a significant role in leading and support the implementation of EV with policy and regulation. This paper reviews policies of Electric Vehicles (EV) in South Korea and Indonesia. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the policies implemented in those countries. Three main aspects are elaborated, i.e., the main policy, the technology, and the private sector implementations. This paper also develops recommended policies and actions that could be done in Indonesia by reflecting on the EV policy in South Korea.
... The European Union has set a clear goal in decarbonizing the transportation sector [1]. Member states are establishing their timeline for limiting new vehicle sales to zero-emission solutions for passenger cars [2], and the automotive industry is responding by introducing purely electric options [3][4][5] and investing in fuel-cell [6,7], battery [8,9], and hydrogen technologies [10][11][12]. Still, internal combustion engines (ICEs) are predominant amongst drivetrain technologies in present days. ...
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Citation: Nagy, A.L.; Agocs, A.; Ronai, B.; Raffai, P.; Rohde-Brandenburger, J.; Besser, C.; Dörr, N. Rapid Fleet Condition Analysis through Correlating Basic Vehicle Tracking Data with Engine Oil FT-IR Spectra. Lubricants 2021, 9, 114. Abstract: Engine oil condition and tribological performance are strongly interrelated. Accordingly, oil condition monitoring is common in various applications. This is especially important, as oil condition depends on the fueling and utilization profile of an internal combustion engine. Common practice involves the measurement of various parameters, such as the total acid number and total base number, oxidation, nitration, viscosity, and elemental composition; thus, it can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. This study provides a methodology for rapid analysis for large vehicle fleets or sample sizes, using only Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and the subsequent multivariate data analysis offers a rapid alternative to commonly available methods. The described method provides a rapid, cost-efficient, and intuitive approach to uncovering differences in the oil condition. Furthermore, understanding the underlying reasons in engine construction and the resulting chemical degradation is also possible.
... To the best of our knowledge, this is the first academic paper to compare these four jurisdictions in terms of motivations for PEV policy and the mix of pro-PEV policies that they chose to adopt. We build on the substantial pre-existing literature that evaluates the effectiveness of different policy instruments; see [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Article
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The transition to plug-in electric vehicles is examined from the consumer’s perspective. Since risk-averse consumers perceive disadvantages as well as advantages, consumers are reluctant to choose electric propulsion without significant nudges from the government. Norway, California, Germany and China are analyzed to determine why and how electric vehicles are promoted by public policies. Each jurisdiction has accomplished rates of electric-vehicle penetration that are far above the global average. This success is largely attributed to various policies which range from vehicle mandates, producer and/or consumer subsidies, or taxation in respective regions—otherwise PEVs remain relatively unappealing to risk-averse consumers. Demand and supply side policies have been effective tools in spurring adoption of the new electric propulsion system. Norway is one notable jurisdiction that has PEV penetration exceeding 80% of new vehicle sales despite no supply side incentives. Germany has recently surpassed California and China in PEV penetration rate, though all three jurisdictions exceeded 10 percent by 2020 or early 2021. Research is recommended to identify ways to encourage consumer adoption of electric vehicles.
... The NEV mandate policy sets requirements for increased light-duty new energy vehicle (LD-NEV) production alongside existing fuel efficiency standards, with credit trading between the standards. China's first phase (2019-2020) of LD-NEV regulations increased the electric share of new passenger vehicle sales from 4.5% in 2018 to 6% in 2020 (Cui et al., 2020). The second phase is expected to increase the electric vehicle market share to 10%-12% of new sales, or greater, by 2023 (Lutsey et al., 2021). ...
Technical Report
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In the past decade, China has rapidly become the world’s largest electric vehicle market, accounting for half of the world’s electric vehicle sales and more than 90% of the stock of electric buses and trucks combined. This accelerated growth is the result of targeted policy efforts at the national and local level that have used concrete initiatives and tools such as pilot programs, incentives, vehicle regulations, and high-level strategies. This paper identifies where Chinese manufacturers stand in the race to transition from internal combustion engine heavy-duty vehicles (ICE-HDVs) to electric vehicle technologies. It summarizes the current market for zero-emission trucks and buses and profiles several manufacturers producing these vehicles across different truck and bus segments. By describing this market landscape, the paper seeks to highlight the challenges that future policies must address to accelerate this transition. The study examines in detail new heavy-duty new energy vehicles (HD-NEVs) registered between 2017 and 2019. The analysis focuses on the most popular HDV segments in the Chinese market, including straight and box trucks, dump trucks, buses and coaches, utility vehicles,1 and tractor trailers. The dataset for this study was provided by China Automatic Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, also known as CATARC. Advances in HD-NEVs follow on the country’s success in promoting NEVs in the light duty vehicle segment, driven in part by a NEV mandate policy that requires increased electric vehicle production and sales. Now China is evaluating the introduction of a similar policy for trucks and buses. The recently released Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle Technology Roadmap 2.0, prepared by Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) China, proposes targets regarding HD-NEV share of 12% by 2025, 17% by 2030, and 20% by 2035. In this regulatory context, this paper provides an overview of the HD-NEV market across different vehicle segments, and of the readiness of HDV manufacturers, quantified by model availability, to satisfy the increased demand that the HD-NEV mandate regulation will bring about.
... • Brazil is focusing on procuring zero-emission buses by 2025 and has a target to convert all the major city centers as zero-emission zones [14]. • The government of Japan has set a target of selling 23-33% of all its new vehicles as electric vehicles by 2030 [15]. • The government of France has proposed a law to eliminate all fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with electric vehicles by 2040 [16]. ...
Article
The rapid urbanization witnessed in the last few decades has contributed to the increasing demand for vehicles worldwide. An overwhelming majority of these vehicles run on fossil fuels, leading to environmental degradation. Emissions from the transport sector are a major contributor to local as well as global air pollution and deterioration in air quality. Countries such as the United States of America, China, India, Indonesia, etc., having the largest number of registered vehicles, are also responsible for a higher proportion of vehicular emissions. As new technologies emerge, electric vehicles (EV) are being envisioned as a replacement to the conventional internal combustion engine (ICEV) vehicle fleet, thus directly reducing tailpipe emissions. However, their indirect emissions are dependent on the energy grid of that particular nation. This study aims to assess the viability of implementing electric vehicles in the nations with high vehicle population. The top ten countries with the highest number of vehicles were identified, along with their power grid characteristics. A detailed review of emission factors of various power generation sources was carried out considering exergy analysis. Furthermore, battery degradation models were used to estimate the lifetime emissions from the battery of electric vehicles. The viability index calculations include well to wheel (WTW) emissions for power generation sources, in case of EVs, and for conventional vehicle fuels. The study concludes that EV implementation has varying effect on nations’ air pollution, which depends upon their share of renewable sources in power generation. Implementation of EVs is found to be sustainably viable for France and Brazil, marginally viable for nations including China and India, while it is found to be not viable for Indonesia.
... For this research, we undertook a case study (Section 3.2.1) and we used New Zealand (NZ) because: firstly, a previous attempt there to introduce Compressed Natural Gas vehicles could be characterized as sizzle then fizzle, with failure partly attributable to lack of infrastructure and discontinuation of tax credits, and that market complexity was underestimated [14]; secondly, in 2016 the NZ central government introduced policies (Table 1) to attract motorists to buy EVs; Cui et al. [15] offer a useful comparison. The intervening four years has prompted early adopter uptake, especially of cheaper imported second-hand EVs [16], but critically, will the next niche, i.e., the early majority, buy them? ...
Article
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Actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are required from all actors. Adopting plug-in electric vehicles (EV) would reduce light motor vehicle travel emissions, a significant and rising emissions source. To encourage EV uptake, many governments have implemented policies which may be less effective than desired. Using New Zealand as a case study, we surveyed private motorists. The results show that consumers are heterogeneous, with varying car-buying motivations, perceptions, attitudes to EVs and awareness of policies. Uniquely, we segmented motorists into four attitudinal groups to ascertain characteristics potentially affecting EV readiness to provide evidence to improve policies and aid social marketing. Our results show the next-most-ready to buy EVs are early mainstream consumers—designated the EV Positives—who were most concerned about vehicle range, perceptions of EV expense, charging-related inconvenience and the unknown value proposition of batteries, and were relatively unaware of incentives compared to EV Owners. The EV Positives favored incentives designed to effect purchase price reductions and increase nation-wide fast-charger deployment. To increase awareness of EVs and shift perceptions of EV expense and inconvenience, we suggest policies that potentially increase EV adoption rates and suggest reframing the language to appeal to EV Positives through information programs. Increasing EV procurement by organizations could increase opportunities for positive information dissemination via employees.