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Higher demand for boreal and temperate softwood from Europe and North America leads to more carbon sequestration because of afforestation and reforestation.
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This report gives a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis on a selection of industrial bamboo products. The LCA is made for cradle-to-gate, plus the end-of-life stages of the bamboo products. For end-of-life it is assumed that 90% of the bamboo products are incinerated in an electrical power plant, and 10% will end-up in landfil...
Citations
... Building material carbon footprint over life cycle in CO 2 eq/m 3[24,25]. ...
In the quest for sustainable development and to address the challenges of urbanization, researchers are exploring alternative sources of materials for construction and bamboo has emerged as a promising alternative to steel reinforcement in concrete construction due to its impressive weight-to-strength ratio. The goal of the present work is to investigate the bond properties of three different corrugation patterns in surface-treated bamboo alongside non-corrugated and epoxy-treated bamboo samples through pull-out testing. Bamboo corrugation is advocated as an ingenious mechanism to foster a robust interlocking effect between bamboo and concrete, effectively bolstering cohesion and optimizing skin friction to amplify the overall bond strength significantly. The findings revealed significant improvements in bond strength for rectangular corrugation, V-notch corrugation, and trapezoidal corrugation patterns, with strength enhancements of 46%, 85%, and 81% respectively, compared to plain bamboo. Furthermore, a theoretical bond model was developed for each corrugation pattern, which has been successfully validated against the experimental results with a notable accuracy ranging from 78.7% to 95.6%. Finally, the theoretical model was suggested as a tool for estimating the bond between bamboo and concrete. These findings underscore the potential of using corrugated bamboo reinforcement as a sustainable solution for enhancing bond performance in concrete.
... The half-life of roundwood for paper products is 2 years 24 . Moso bamboo has a diameter of approximately 10-12 cm, is typically used as a timber material for flooring and construction 37,38 , and has a half-life of 10 years 39 . Clumping bamboo and smalldiameter bamboo are mainly used in the pulp and paper industry; therefore, we set the half-life of 2 years to match that of roundwood for paper products. ...
Harvested wood/bamboo products (HWP/HBP) constitute a large global carbon stock. However, the contribution of HBP to carbon stocks has been neglected in mixed wood and bamboo data, especially in China. Therefore, the production approach and the first-order decay method were used to estimate the spatiotemporal carbon stock change in HWP/HBP based on provincial production data from the China Forestry Statistical Yearbooks for 1987–2020. The results showed that China’s total carbon stocks of HWP and HBP were 328.7 teragram carbon (TgC) and 129.7 TgC between 1987 and 2020. Of this, the HWP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three provinces across the north and south: Guangxi (60.8 TgC), Heilongjiang (37.2 TgC), and Fujian (24.2 TgC), and HBP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three southern provinces: Fujian (33.4 TgC), Guangxi (20.3 TgC), and Zhejiang (13.7 TgC). The proportion of the HBP carbon stock in the total carbon stock increased from 20% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, indicating that bamboo products play an important role in the accumulation of carbon stocks in China. The differences in contributions to spatiotemporal trends between the provinces provide more specific information to make precise decisions about forest management and carbon sequestration.
... An increasing number of studies have explored the environmental impact and investigated the material function of bamboo and its applications in construction. Several life cycle assessments have found bamboo buildings to compare favorably with other options in terms of environmental impact (Lugt & Vogtlander, 2015;Salzer et al., 2017;Zea Escamilla & Habert, 2014). However, the social dimensions of bamboo building are less well understood. ...
Bamboo is a natural building material that grows widely across the tropics and subtropics. It has been used in traditional construction for millennia and is now used in a growing range of innovative bio-based building solutions. Citing bamboo's potential for carbon capture, promising physical properties and relative underdevelopment of the global bamboo industry, many projects and initiatives have been launched that aim to develop bamboo industries to support livelihood development. These projects use a wide range of implementation strategies. Using theory-based program evaluation based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, this paper focuses on three case studies from Costa Rica, Nigeria, and Indonesia. Each case study employs different strategies for research for social development and utilized the harvest, processing and manufacture of bamboo construction materials and products. First, a low-cost self-help construction project in Costa Rica is described. Next, a bamboo architecture community development project in Indonesia using participatory action research is analyzed. The final strategy uses community-based action research to develop bamboo-based prototypes of vertical greening systems in Nigeria. In each case study, bamboo is selected as an affordable and locally available material. The projects are evaluated using logic models and the core principles of the Framework. This paper demonstrates applications of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and other theory-based evaluation frameworks to analyze research-for-development and social projects.
... The major advantage of bamboo as a building material is its rapid growth (matured in 3-5 years), non-hazardous and very cheap in comparison to steel and other structural elements, thus it is very affordable even for poor communities [7]. Other than low cost, bamboo capture and store the environmental CO 2 [16], thus, the energy consumption per unit production and carbon release into the environment (0.25 kg CO 2 /kg) is significantly lower than the steel (2.2-2.8 kg CO 2 /kg) [19,20]. According to the estimation given by Vogtlander et al. [21], round bamboo culms and laminated bamboo panels are capable of sequestering 5.69 kg and 12.85 kg of CO 2 per kg of product respectively. ...
Laminated bamboo and bamboo scrimber are value-added engineered forms of bamboo produced in standard shape and size, with better physical and mechanical characteristics that make them highly attractive for structural applications. Other than engineered bamboo, bamboo as a reinforcement can be used to replace steel bars in concrete structures. The present study summarizes the progress in research work carried out for establishing bamboo as a sustainable construction material covering the different aspects, namely, the processing of bamboo, physical and mechanical properties, and fire performance of bamboo-based structural elements. The chemical and thermal treatment of bamboo, along with the optimization of various processing parameters, significantly influence the physical and mechanical behaviour of engineered bamboo elements. Bamboo scrimber is having better mechanical properties as compared with laminated bamboo elements. Bamboo undergoes a pyrolysis process above 150 • C and losses mass and strength at elevated temperatures. The charring rate for bamboo scrimber is lower than the laminated bamboo, and the use of fire-retardant coating materials is highly significant in controlling the heat release rate and suppressing the release of toxic gases. Bamboo reinforcement of around 4% is an optimum value to control the cracking and enhance the strength and toughness of the concrete matrix. The use of water replant coatings, and mechanical anchorage are recommended to enhance the bond strength of bamboo reinforcement and cement matrix. Bamboo-reinforced concrete (BRC) elements coated with the fire-protective compound can withstand higher temperatures (500 • C or more) without concrete spalling. BRC panels are highly suitable for constructing lightweight and cost-efficient walling systems. This review work illustrates the potential of engineered bamboo and BRC elements to meet the growing demand for low-cost housing.
... A maior parte das publicações são de estudos realizados no continente asiático, no qual a utilização do bambu nas construções faz parte da arquitetura vernacular. Foram encontrados poucos trabalhos em outros locais, como a pesquisa de Bonivento Bruges et al. (2018), que realizaram estudo no Equador, embora as espécies de bambu sejam encontradas na Ásia, África e América, como mostra a Figura 1 (HUANG; SUN, 2021; VAN DER LUGT;VOGTLANDER, 2015). Outro aspecto importante são as datas de publicações dos artigos, indicando tratar-se de pesquisas recentes. ...
... A maior parte das publicações são de estudos realizados no continente asiático, no qual a utilização do bambu nas construções faz parte da arquitetura vernacular. Foram encontrados poucos trabalhos em outros locais, como a pesquisa de Bonivento Bruges et al. (2018), que realizaram estudo no Equador, embora as espécies de bambu sejam encontradas na Ásia, África e América, como mostra a Figura 1 (HUANG; SUN, 2021; VAN DER LUGT;VOGTLANDER, 2015). Outro aspecto importante são as datas de publicações dos artigos, indicando tratar-se de pesquisas recentes. ...
... At the end of the service life of bamboo products in Western Europe, 90 % of bamboo products are incinerated in power plants, and 10 % are landfilled (Lugt et al., 2015). In combination with the current treatment methods of Chongqing Ruizhu Company, the waste disposal ratio used in the test is as supplementary to Table 4, and the specific process contribution ratio of BF tableware cradle to tomb is further analyzed (Fig. 7). ...
Green economic development has become a new strategy for large countries to contend with the energy crises and environmental pollution. Bamboo is a kind of sustainable resource with a fast growth rate and strong carbon fixation capacity which can be used to make various eco-friendly products. Bamboo fiber (BF) tableware is a product which is developed to replace non-degradable plastic food packaging products. The study takes the life cycle assessment (LCA) of green BF tableware production in Wanxian, Chongqing city, China, as an example and compares with the polypropylene (PP) tableware standard database to investigate the impact of production, transportation, waste and disposal methods on resources, the environment, and human health. The results showed that the environmental coordination of bamboo fiber tableware (BF) was better than PP tableware. The environmental impact of the 2 kinds of tableware mainly occurred in the raw material acquisition and product transportation stages, and the main impact was human health damage. A comparative study of different disposal options after waste showed that the benefits of both types of tableware were in the order of recycling > incineration > landfill. Independent of the disposal ratio, the benefits of BF tableware are positive. In contrast, PP tableware positively impacts the overall environment only when waste recycling reaches more than 30 %. On this basis, ecological design suggestions for 2 kinds of tableware are presented.
... There has been a lot of research on bamboo LCA compared to other products. There are studies on bamboo logs and bamboo derivative products, such as polishes and panels [50], flattened bamboo [49][50][51]; mat and flooring [50,52], composite and fiber [49,[53][54], building and bioenergy support materials [55][56][57], earth-based mortars with bamboo particles (EMB) [57], frames [58], and plybamboo and laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) [17,49,51,59]. The life cycle stages, and process of selected studies are presented in Figure 9 and Table 13. ...
... There has been a lot of research on bamboo LCA compared to other products. There are studies on bamboo logs and bamboo derivative products, such as polishes and panels [50], flattened bamboo [49][50][51]; mat and flooring [50,52], composite and fiber [49,[53][54], building and bioenergy support materials [55][56][57], earth-based mortars with bamboo particles (EMB) [57], frames [58], and plybamboo and laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) [17,49,51,59]. The life cycle stages, and process of selected studies are presented in Figure 9 and Table 13. ...
... van der Lugt and Vogtlander [51] ...
... Bamboo plants are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, accounting for more than 35 million ha (FAO, 2019), and are important renewable biomass resources, especially woody bamboo, which has been used for various household products for centuries, earning it the name "poor man's timber" (Vogtlander and Van der Lugt, 2014). Bamboo is characterized by "explosively growing" bamboo shoots, and this advantage contributes to bamboo being an essential alternative to wood and an important source of lignocellulosic biomass energy. ...
As one of the key nutrients, nitrogen is a major driving force for plant growth and development, and ultimately contributes to biomass improvement. However, little is known about the common genetic basis of bamboo growth with nitrogen fertilization in forests. Here, the physiological-biochemical characteristics showed that nitrogen fertilization in moso bamboo forest obviously affected the activities of multiple enzymes in bamboo shoots, which led to changes in metabolite content. The lignin content was significantly inhibited in bamboo shoots during the early stages of fast growth (from 1.0 m to 4.0 m), while the content was subsequently promoted at the late stage, which resulted in a lignin content similar to that of the control observed in 8.0 m shoots. By integrating the physiological-biochemical and transcriptome data, we generated a global map of changes in the transcriptomic dynamics during fast growth, which showed that upregulated DEGs in 1.0 m and 4.0 m shoots were significantly enriched in growth- and development-related GO terms, while those DEGs in 8.0 m shoots were enriched in lignin biosynthesis-related GO terms. Using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), two complex regulatory networks were constructed: two key structural genes (KSGs) and 118 transcription factors (TFs) involved in nitrogen metabolism and 17 KSGs and 102 TFs involved in lignin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanism of KSGs targeted by TFs was validated by yeast one-hybrid assays. Overall, nitrogen fertilization differentially affected moso bamboo shoots at different fast growth stages through the expression of genes involved in multiple metabolic pathways, indicating that moso bamboo has plasticity to environmental factors. These results provide a better understanding of the changing patterns in moso bamboo shoots and lay a foundation for the genetic improvement and sustainable management of bamboo forests via nitrogen fertilization.
... 34 New shoots are generated from the harvested culm, as the root structure remains alive after harvest. 35 It grows in plains and other nonproductive areas such as hilly and high-altitude mountainous regions and in most kinds of soils, except alkaline soils, deserts, and marsh. 36 It is widely distributed in Asian countries and has become one of the most potential renewable nonwoody cellulosic materials because of its high productivity, rapid growth, and easy propagation. ...
Melocanna baccifera is the most common bamboo species which grows naturally and gregariously covering large tracts of land in the forests of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. However, there is limited information about the chemical characterization of its culms for its utilization and processing. This paper aimed to determine the effect of age and height position on the chemical properties of M. baccifera. The highest value of holocellulose content was 74.66% for the top portion of 3-year-old bamboo, while the bottom part of 3-year-old bamboo showed the highest value of lignin (27.83%) and extractive (5.24%) content. For caustic soda (1% NaOH) solubility, the bottom portion of 1-year-old bamboo had shown the maximum value (25.67%), and it was the lowest (19.10%) for the top portion of 3-year-old bamboo. Ageing had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on all chemical properties, while the height position had a significant effect on the holocellulose and lignin content and water solubility. The chemical properties of M. baccifera can enable its proper utilization in the downstream process.
... A key principle for circular economy material production involves preventing the mixing of technical and biological nutrients in the production of a product. Hence, switching to a fully biobased resin is a preferable scenario to promote a circular material economy and to facilitate end-of-life strategies such as biodegradation and/or bioenergy [68,69]. ...
Conventional construction materials which rely on a fossil-based, nonrenewable extractive economy are typically associated with an entrenched linear economic approach to production. Current research indicates the clear interrelationships between the production and use of construction materials and anthropogenic climate change. This paper investigates the potential for emerging high-performance biobased construction materials, produced sustainably and/or using waste byproducts, to enable a more environmentally sustainable approach to the built environment. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to compare three wall assemblies using local biobased materials in Montreal (Canada), Nairobi (Kenya), and Accra (Ghana) vs. a traditional construction using gypsum boards and rockwool insulation. Global warming potential, nonrenewable cumulative energy demand, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and freshwater consumption (FWC) are considered. Scenarios include options for design for disassembly (DfD), as well as potential future alternatives for electricity supply in Kenya and Ghana. Results indicate that all biobased alternatives have lower (often significantly so) life-cycle impacts per functional unit, compared to the traditional construction. DfD strategies are also shown to result in −10% to −50% impact reductions. The results for both African countries exhibit a large dependence on the electricity source used for manufacturing, with significant potential for future decarbonization, but also some associated tradeoffs in terms of acidification and eutrophication.
