Figure 1 - uploaded by Megan Farrelly
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Hierarchical representation of multilevel government entities in Malaysia. NB: Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy, which, as a former British colony, draws its Federal and state constitutions somewhat from Westminster conventions. The Prime Minister and Members of Parliament are elected through general and state elections. The monarch (the Yang di-Pertuan Agung) and state-based traditional rulers (the Sultans) have ceremonial powers to appoint the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers, respectively. Local governments are appointed by the state parties in power. This figure provides a general depiction of government entities as a tiered system. The unidirectional arrows indicate powers to appoint.
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... and Penker (2016) -urban sustainability governance Policy and strategy documents (Table S2) were reviewed for references to stakeholder and civil society participation and to map contemporary institutional arrangements. The governance hierarchy and organisations most relevant to water security were identified by level and type (Figures 1 and 2). ...
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... Water governance is defined as the range of political, social, economic, and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services, at different levels of society [3]. According with Paul et al. [4], the study of water governance is concerned with the interactions that determine how rules and structures are created, how power is shared and exercised, how learning informs decision making, and how transparency and accountability in decision making can be ensured. ...
Water problems extend beyond the watershed of local communities and single countries. A novel governance approach must comprise coordination and institutional arrangements at the global scale, and rely on a set of axioms that guide the decision-making and actions of various stakeholders involved in water-related issues. These principles must reflect the awareness of water paradigms across history and geography, as well as the economic, social, environmental, and ethical dimensions of water, aiming at ensuring its sustainable and equitable use, driving governance towards recognizing the value of water for public health and social cohesion, the link of landscape and identity values to water bodies, the social, aesthetic-recreational, and symbolic values of water across the world, and the functions of water in nature. The principles presented here include the human right to water, ecosystem centrality, the principles of shared integration, precautionary, responsibility, and subsidiarity, along with the concept of the common good. The assessment of principles of water governance is essential for implementing any guideline of water management aimed not only at efficiency and security, but at equity and sustainability of water supply and flood mitigation in a globalized and conflict-ridden world.
... Nowadays, water-related challenges are often viewed as a result of flawed governance, particularly in areas facing water shortages due to insufficient involvement from the community in decisionmaking processes (Hargrove and Heyman 2020). Water governance, conceived as a participatory process and a negotiation outcome, shapes the establishment of regulations, guides the distribution and exercise of interests and power, influences decisionmaking through learning and knowledge exchange, and ensures transparency and accountability in negotiations (Paul et al 2024). Additionally, it encompasses formulating and implementing strategies and policies aimed at fostering stakeholders' engagement in water systems management (Jiménez et al 2020, Jibat et al 2024. ...
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