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| Hemp trichome types. (A) Unicellular non-glandular trichome; (B) cystolythic trichomes; (C) capitate sessile trichome; (D) capitate-stalked trichome; (E) simple bulbous trichome; (F) complex bulbous trichome. Images kindly provided by Dr. David J. Potter.
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Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fibre since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich s...
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Context 1
... has different types of trichomes (Figures 3A-F) which belong to two categories, i.e., glandular and non-glandular ( Happyana et al., 2013). Capitate sessile, capitate stalked and bulbous hemp trichomes are secretory structures (Figures 3C-F). ...
Citations
... Esses tricomas glandulares secretam fitocanabinoides, terpenos e flavonoides. Os fitocanabinoides mais abundantes na C. sativa são os Δ 9 e Δ 8 -tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), o canabinol (CBN) e o canabidiol (CBD) (ANDRE et al., 2016;FARAG e KAYSER, 2017;HAPPYANA et al., 2013;HUCHELMANN et al., 2017;TANNEY et al., 2021). (HOWLETT et al., 1991;IANNOTTI, et al., 2016;McPARTLAND, 2004;MECHOULAM et al., 1998). ...
A doença de Parkinson (DP), conhecida por sintomas motores e não motores, é evidenciada por progressão e sem cura. Para tanto, a garantia do bem-estar ao/à paciente, com impacto em melhora da qualidade de vida, explicita o protagonismo assumido na busca de caminhos terapêuticos. Portanto, o uso de óleo de Cannabis, quer seja compassivo ou não, agrega como estratégia terapêutica. O objetivo do estudo apresentado nesse livro foi a construção e avaliação de materiais educativos para educação em saúde, utilizando diferentes tecnologias educacionais, direcionados às pessoas com Parkinson (PcP) que fazem o uso compassivo ou não de óleo de Cannabis. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo realizado entre novembro de 2020 e novembro de 2022, dividido em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu na elaboração de duas ferramentas educativas (calendário posológico e controle mensal), dois boletins informativos e dois vídeos educativos com temas relacionados a DP e canabinoides; e a segunda, na avaliação da aceitação desses materiais educativos por PcP. Os boletins informativos e os vídeos educativos avaliados foram bem aceitos pelos pacientes, em relação ao conteúdo e estrutura, além de serem considerados relevantes. O calendário posológico e o controle mensal mostraram-se úteis para PcP que buscam organizar a sua rotina terapêutica, a fim de melhorar a adesão e a eficácia do tratamento. Portanto, a adoção de práticas de educação em saúde qualifica as atividades clínicas, como um serviço inserido no processo de cuidado.
... The non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L., commonly known as industrial hemp, has recently attracted attention for its pharmacological applications due to the presence of various secondary metabolites with biological activity significant for human health [15]. Essential oils (EOs) derived from hemp inflorescences are yellow liquids rich in different bioactive molecules, including mostly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and sometimes also cannabinoids [16,17]. ...
... Terpenes are mainly secreted in hemp inflorescences, giving the plant its characteristic aroma, and in the form of mono-and sesquiterpenes represent the main phytochemicals of hemp EOs. Recent investigations have demonstrated significant health benefits associated with terpenes, including anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activities [15,22,23]. Another underexplored fraction of hemp phytochemicals is represented by phenolic compounds, which are mainly present in the aqueous residue of inflorescences produced during distillation [24]. ...
... Another underexplored fraction of hemp phytochemicals is represented by phenolic compounds, which are mainly present in the aqueous residue of inflorescences produced during distillation [24]. Among hemp phenolics, some of them, like cannflavin A, B and C, are exclusive of C. sativa, and have been shown to possess many beneficial properties including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities [15]. ...
Neuroinflammation, which is mainly triggered by microglia, is a key contributor to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products, and in particular Cannabis sativa L., due to its richness in phytochemical components, represent ideal candidates to counteract neuroinflammation. We previously characterized different C. sativa commercial varieties which showed significantly different chemical profiles. On these bases, the aim of this study was to evaluate essential oils and aqueous distillation residues from the inflorescences of three different hemp varieties for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity in BV-2 microglial cells. Cells were pretreated with aqueous residues or essential oils and then activated with LPS. Unlike essential oils, aqueous residues showed negligible effects in terms of anti-inflammatory activity. Among the essential oils, the one obtained from ‘Gorilla Glue’ was the most effective in inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and in upregulating anti-inflammatory ones through the modulation of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the sesquiterpenes (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were identified as the main contributors to the essential oils’ anti-inflammatory activity. To our knowledge, the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of α-humulene has not been previously described. In conclusion, our work shows that C. sativa essential oils characterized by high levels of sesquiterpenes can be promising candidates in the prevention/counteraction of neuroinflammation.
... Cannabis sativa (industrial hemp) is mainly cultivated as a source of industrial fiber or seed oil. In addition to cannabinoids, the chemical composition of industrial hemp includes many other active compound groups, mostly tannins and polyphenols [3]. The biological activity of the herb is dependent on its geographical origin and the sample preparation procedure [4]. ...
... Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently undergoing rediscovery in various economical fields, from industrial to medicinal [1,2]. The increase in cultivated areas is creating new challenges in managing hemp diseases. ...
Viral infections pose an emerging threat to hemp (Cannabis sativa) cultivation. We used Illumina small (s)RNA sequencing for virome reconstruction and characterization of antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) in monoecious and dioecious hemp varieties, which exhibited different virus-like symptoms. Through de novo and reference-based sRNA assembly, we identified and reconstructed Cannabis cryptic virus (family Partitiviridae), Cannabis sativa mitovirus 1 (Mitoviridae) and Grapevine line pattern virus (Bromoviridae) as well as a novel virus tentatively classified into Partiti-viridae. Members of both Partitiviridae and Bromoviridae were targeted by antiviral RNAi, generating 21 nt and, less abundant, 22 nt sRNAs from both strands of the entire virus genome, suggesting the involvement of Dicer-like (DCL) 4 and DCL2 in viral sRNA biogenesis, respectively. Mitovirus sRNAs represented predominantly the positive-sense strand and had a wider size range, with the 21 nt class being most abundant on both strands. For all viruses, 21 and 22 nt sRNAs had predominantly 5′-terminal uridine or cytosine, suggesting their binding to antiviral Argonaute (AGO) 1 and AGO5, respectively. As no clear association of any virus with symptoms was observed, further studies should clarify if these viruses individually or in combination can cause hemp diseases.
... proteins and 30% carbohydrates, thus representing a reliable source of nutrients and non-nutrients [17]. They are mainly employed in animal feed, but their extracts contain products like oil and protein powder that are particularly promising for applications in human nutrition [1,18]. It has been demonstrated that hemp seed shows a significant therapeutic effect against several diseases [19] and can be used for food as a source of antioxidant compounds [20]. ...
... It is grown and used for a wide variety of purposes, such as building material, textile fibre, paper and fuel. Due to its edible oil and high-quality fibre, hemp has been extensively used for food and as a fibre source [1][2][3][4]. Moreover, it contains several secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, phytocannabinoids and flavonoids, which can be used for different medical treatments thanks to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity [5][6][7]. ...
This study investigated the antibiofilm activity of water-soluble extracts obtained under different pH conditions from Cannabis sativa seeds and from previously defatted seeds. The chemical composition of the extracts, determined through GC-MS and NMR, revealed complex mixtures of fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids and glycerol in ratios depending on extraction pH. In particular, the extract obtained at pH 7 from defatted seeds (Ex7d) contained a larger variety of sugars compared to the others. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found in all of the analysed extracts, but linoleic acid (C18:2) was detected only in the extracts obtained at pH 7 and pH 10. The extracts did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and significantly inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. The exception was the extract obtained at pH 10, which appeared to be less active. Ex7d showed the highest antibiofilm activity, i.e., around 90%. Ex7d was further fractionated by HPLC, and the antibiofilm activity of all fractions was evaluated. The 2D-NMR analysis highlighted that the most active fraction was largely composed of glycerolipids. This evidence suggested that these molecules are probably responsible for the observed antibiofilm effect but does not exclude a possible synergistic contribution by the other components.
... A comprehensive analysis of 11 distinct cannabinoids and the potential THC and CBD content in our population revealed substantial variations in cannabinoid profile [47]. Significant positive and negative correlations among these compounds provided insights into their interactions and complexities and is consistent with previous studies [48][49][50][51]. The strong positive correlations observed between THCP-THCA, CBDP-CBDA, and CBD-CBDP suggest a consistent and coordinated relationship between these cannabinoid pairs as expected. ...
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) stands as a historically significant and culturally important plant, embodying economic, social, and medicinal relevance for human societies. However, years of prohibition and stigmatization have hindered the cannabis research community, which is hugely undersized and suffers from a scarcity of understanding of cannabis genetics and how key traits are expressed or inherited. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 176 drug-type cannabis accessions, representative of Canada’s legal market. We assessed germination methods, evaluated various traits including agronomic, morphological, and cannabinoid profiles, and uncovered significant variation within this population. Notably, the yield displayed a negative correlation with maturity-related traits but a positive correlation with the fresh biomass. Additionally, the potential THC content showed a positive correlation with maturity-related traits but a negative correlation with the yield. Significant differences were observed between the plants derived from regular female seeds and feminized seeds, as well as between the plants derived from cuttings and seeds for different traits. This study advances our understanding of cannabis cultivation, offering insights into germination practices, agronomic traits, morphological characteristics, and biochemical diversity. These findings establish a foundation for precise breeding and cultivar development, enhancing cannabis’s potential in the legal market.
... The main non-psychoactive pharmacologically active cannabinoids include cannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol ( Figure 1), as well as non-cannabinoids like flavonoids, terpenes, and fatty acids. 12,13 Cannabinoids mediate their biological and therapeutic effects through the G-protein coupled receptors cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R). [14][15][16] The G-proteins act as adaptors that link G-protein coupled receptors to intracellular signaling and regulatory proteins to activate or modulate signaling pathways. ...
Rheumatoid diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia, are characterized by progressive inflammation in the musculoskeletal system, predominantly affecting the joints and leading to cartilage and bone damage. The resulting pain and ongoing degradation of the musculoskeletal system contribute to reduced physical activity, ultimately impacting quality of life and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Unfortunately, current therapeutics have limited efficacy in slowing disease progression and managing pain. Thus, the development of novel and alternative therapies is imperative. Cannabinoids possess beneficial properties as potential treatments for rheumatoid diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results in halting disease progression and relieving pain. However, there is a scarcity of patient clinical studies, and the available data show mixed results. Consequently, there are currently no established clinical recommendations regarding the utilization of cannabis for treating rheumatoid diseases. In this review, we aim to explore the concept of cannabis use for rheumatoid diseases, including potential adverse effects. We will provide an overview of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical trials and from retrospective studies on the efficacy and safety of cannabis in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases.
... These receptors bind endocannabinoids like anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which play essential roles in regulating various physiological processes, including appetite, pain perception, mood, memory, and inflammation [9]. Regarding exogenous THC, it acts as a partial agonist for CB1 and CB2 receptors, with a higher affinity for the former, which appears responsible for its psychotropic effects [10]. Conversely, CBD exhibits a low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors [11]. ...
Cannabis, a plant known for its recreational use, has gained global attention due to its widespread use and addiction potential. Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, it contains a rich array of phytochemicals concentrated in resin-rich trichomes. The main cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors, influencing various physiological processes. Particularly concerning is its prevalence among adolescents, often driven by the need for social connection and anxiety alleviation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of cannabis use, its effects, and potential health risks, especially in adolescent consumption. It covers short-term and long-term effects on different body systems and mental health and highlights the need for informed decision making and public health initiatives, particularly regarding adolescent cannabis use.
... Cannabis sativa L. has been known for its medicinal and nutraceutical usage from ages. Currently, the crop is witnessing its revival due to its diverse secondary metabolites, fibre and farming purposes (Andre et al., 2016). The diverse versatility of this crop encourages researchers to focus on Cannabis biochemistry and genetic engineering. ...
The WRKY transcription factors are unique and essential for plant development and various external stresses. The recent advancements in the genome and transcriptome research in Cannabis pave the path to discovering the transcription factors. However, minimal and non-reductant studies have been done to identify the complete WRKY transcription factor family based on the high-quality whole genome available in Cannabis sativa. With the recent surge in the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, there is increased interest in the research on the developmental and adaptive potential of Cannabis sativa. The present study revealed a complete chromosomal-based identification of 48 WRKYs in Cannabis sativa and differentiated them into three main groups and one subgroup based on the physiochemical and phylogeny analysis. Furthermore, based on the composition of gene structure, motif analysis, and gene duplication analysis, the CsWRKY genes have remained conserved during evolution. Our study revealed that the upstream sequences of all the CsWRKYs had abiotic and biotic stress-related elements present that might display the role of the specific CsWRKY gene. Furthermore, to predict the potential regulatory network of CsWRKYs, functional analysis and protein-protein interaction were carried out and revealed their close networking and signalling. Recently, it has been shown that the CsWRKY might regulate the respective cannabinoid enzymes. Therefore, the expression patterns of CsWRKY genes in two accessions from different altitudes of Cannabis sativa-were evaluated. Most of the CsWRKY genes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) highly expressed in the inflorescence of CAN2 (high altitude) accession, suggesting their possible role in inflo-rescence development or cannabinoid accumulation. CsWRKY18, CsWRKY27 and CsWRKY37 have shown similarities with the AtWRKY75, AaGSW1, and AaWRKY9, respectively and might be the candidate genes to explore further in determining the functions during inflorescence development and cannabinoid regulation. The present study lays the foundation to explore the biological processes and regulatory mechanism of CsWRKY genes during the growth, development, various stresses, and accumulation of secondary metabolites in Cannabis sativa.
... Due to the therapeutic properties of the high resin content; it has found use in medical, religious, cultural and recreational applications (Andre et al., 2016). ...
... When the omic-based studies on Cannabis are examined, it is seen that they mostly focus on trichomes(Aliferis and Bernard-Perron, 2020;Romero et al. 2020;Conneely et al., 2021). In a study byAndre and Guerriero (2016), Cannabis trichomes were named as small phytochemical factories. Trichomes, which are epidermal outgrowths, are primarily found on the Cannabis plant's leaf, bracket, and stem surfaces. ...
