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Dalbergia cultrate, Dalbergia latifolia, and Dalbergia melanoxylon are precious and valuable traded timber species of the genus Dalbergia. For chemotaxonomical discrimination between these easily confused species, the total extractive content of the three wood species was determined using four different organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared...
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... Dalbergia is a botanical genus comprising about 250 tree species, shrubs, and lianas (Yin et al 2018), widespread in tropical and subtropical regions (Saha et al 2013). Several Dalbergia tree species known under the trade names of rosewood and palisander provide valuable wood, which is harvested for making musical instruments (Wegst 2006;Perez and Marconi 2018) and furniture (Kaner et al 2013). ...
... The FTIR spectra (Fig. 1b) of the phyto-extract show the characteristic peaks with C-H stretch at 2921 cm 1 and 2859 cm 1 , C-C stretch in the ring at 1459 cm 1 , C-H rock at 1376 cm 1 , and C-O-C stretching due to flavonoids at 1252 cm 1 and 1164 cm 1 . In addition, the C-O stretching at 1034 cm 1 , and CH stretching at 725 cm 1 were also observed; these characteristic peaks were similar, as reported earlier (Yin et al., 2018). ...
... Therefore, the wetting-spreading behavior of the OD on the leaves of two selected plants, coriander, and fenugreek, was assessed through contact angle measurement. The contact angle is also a vital criterion for assessing the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the formulation (Yin et al., 2018). The contact angle (Fig. 7a) of water on the leaf surface after treatment and corresponding droplets produced (Fig. 7b) are represented. ...
... The contact angle (Fig. 7a) of water on the leaf surface after treatment and corresponding droplets produced (Fig. 7b) are represented. The contact angle of water on the leaf surface of coriander was 87.1 • (less than 90 • ), and the fenugreek leaf surface was 111.88 o (greater than 90 o ), indicating the hydrophilic characteristic of coriander leaf and hydrophobic characteristic of fenugreek leaf (Yin et al., 2018). The observed contact angles on the coriander leaf were as follows; extract (46.5 • ), EC (23.5 o ), and OD (14.5 o ), and on fenugreek leaf surfaces, the tangents were displayed as follows; extract (43.3 • ), EC (32.5 o ) and OD (11.3 • ). ...
... There is a 4-phenyl coumarin backbone and no hydroxyl substitution at position C2 in neoflavonoids ( Figure 1E), which are rarely found in food plants [78]. Neoflavonoids are mainly divided into four substructure types based on their basic skeleton structure, namely dalbergia phenols, dalbergia quinones, dalbergia lactones, and benzoyl benzenes [79,80]. ...
With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
... The band at 1558.8 cm -1 shows the C=C aromatic group (substitution of aromatic compounds) [15]. The C-O ether group is shown by stretching vibration at 1181.54 cm -1 [16] and C-O alcohol at 1114 cm -1 [17]. The C-H aromatic ring bending vibration is apparent at 829.25, 805, and 738 cm -1 (substitution of aromatic compounds). ...
Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a plant that belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely used as a medical plant for low blood pressure, heart tonic, and to prevent cardiovascular disease. This study aims to obtain flavonoid compounds, identify, and test the antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds and crude extracts from celery leaves. The research procedures consisted of four steps, the first of which was a preliminary test. The second step involved isolating and separating flavonoid components by vacuum liquid chromatography, gravitational column chromatography, and preparative thin layer chromatography. The third step was to identify flavonoid compounds using reagent shift, FTIR, and LCMS/MS. And finally, antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The preliminary test result showed that the ethanolic extract of leaves and stems had a total flavonoid content of 13.99 and 2.46 mg QE/g of dry weight. Both dry leaves and crude extract of celery leaves contained alkaloids, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, and steroid/triterpenoid, as determined by phytochemical screening. Isolation and separation of flavonoids yielded A2.I and A2.II isolates, with respective weights of 8 mg and 14 mg. Identification of flavonoid compounds using reagent shift showed that two isolates have the basic structure of the flavone group. A2.I isolate had OH groups at 4’, 5, and 7, while A2.II isolate had OH groups at 3’, 4’, 5, and 7. The FTIR analysis revealed that both compounds contain functional groups, including O-H, C=O, C=C aromatic, C-O ether, C-O alcohol, and C-H aromatic ring. According to LCMS/MS analysis, the molecular weights of A2.I and A2.II were 270 g/mol and 286 g/mol, respectively. All of the identification methods for isolates showed that A2.I was apigenin and A2.II was luteolin. Antioxidant activity by DPPH method for a viscous extract of celery leaves, A2.I, and A2.II were 775.41, 288.95, and 184.35 µg/mL, respectively.
... The showed band at 1140-1240 cm − 1 and 930-1117 cm − 1 are C-O-C bonds [65,66]. At 2802-2997 cm − 1 , a stretching vibrational band of C -H bond appeared by the methoxyl lignin group and the broad band at 3022-3700 cm − 1 due to O -H bond [67]. The spectra at 1550-1828 cm − 1 forms the C--O bond by aromatic and hemicellulose groups and 1245 cm − 1 forms the C-O bond contributed by lignin [68,69]. ...
The flexible and transparent film for X-ray radiation shielding have been fabricated successfully in the form of composites PVA/Gelatin/BaCO3/transparent wood. The wood samples were delignified for 3, 6, and 9 h to remove the lignin content. Beer-Lambert equation was used to calculate the shielding parameter based on the thickness of the sample and the intensity before and after applied all energy irradiation considered. FTIR and X-ray shielding test confirmed that the shielding able to absorb most of photon energy and well-interacting with atoms in samples. Low HVL shows the material was effectively block the radiation. The samples with 0.5 g BaCO3 showed the lowest HVL (0.72747 cm) compared to others composition. The linear attenuation coefficient was 1.37463 cm⁻¹ at 55 keV with of 0.5 g of BaCO3. The mass attenuation coefficient also confirmed that the attenuation of composites increases (ex. 55 keV irradiation energy for 0.1 g BaCO3 is 0.793, 0.941 cm⁻¹ for 0.3 g BaCO3, and 1.115 cm⁻¹ for 0.5 g BaCO3) linearly along with increasing of BaCO3 concentration and shows good agreement with theoretical calculation from XCOM database. It is indicated that the PVA/Gelatin/BaCO3/transparent wood composites show high potentials as a new transparent and flexible shielding material for X-ray radiation application in medical sector.
... Traditional anatomy identification is well-established and most frequently used, which distinguishes wood samples by comparing their macroscopic and microscopic anatomical features [8][9][10], but it cannot accurately discriminate wood samples at the species scale [11,12]. Although the genetic method of DNA barcoding has been demonstrated to be effective in wood recognition even at the species scale, its wide application is limited by some technological challenges concerning DNA extraction, barcode selection and reference database [13][14][15], whereas the chemotaxonomical analysis exhibits more flexibility and potential for efficient identification, which is mainly based on various qualitative and quantitative fingerprint information of wood samples or their extractives obtained by chemical characterization techniques involving mass spectrometry [3], fluorescence [16,17], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [18], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) [19,20] or a specific combination of some of the above [21][22][23]. However, due to tedious sample preparation such as purification and separation, some of these techniques are time consuming [24]. ...
In order to explore a rapid identification method for the anti-counterfeit of commercial high value collections, a three-step infrared spectrum method was used for the pterocarpus collection identification to confirm whether a commercial pterocarpus bracelet (PB) was made from the precious species of Pterocarpus santalinus (P. santalinus). In the first step, undertaken by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum, the absorption peaks intensity of PB was slightly higher than that of P. santalinus only at 1594 cm−1, 1205 cm−1, 1155 cm−1 and 836 cm−1. In the next step of second derivative IR spectra (SDIR), the FTIR features of the tested samples were further amplified, and the peaks at 1600 cm−1, 1171 cm−1 and 1152 cm−1 become clearly defined in PB. Finally, by means of two-dimensional correlation infrared (2DIR) spectrum, it revealed that the response of holocellulose to thermal perturbation was stronger in P. santalinus than that in PB mainly at 977 cm−1, 1008 cm−1, 1100 cm−1, 1057 cm−1, 1190 cm−1 and 1214 cm−1, while the aromatic functional groups of PB were much more sensitive to the thermal perturbation than those of P. santalinus mainly at 1456 cm−1, 1467 cm−1, 1518 cm−1, 1558 cm−1, 1576 cm−1 and 1605 cm−1. In addition, fluorescence microscopy was used to verify the effectiveness of the above method for wood identification and the results showed good consistency. This study demonstrated that the three-step IR method could provide a rapid and effective way for the anti-counterfeit of pterocarpus collections.
... Therefore, compound 2 was reported from Acacia farnesiana (Hussein et al., 2002), while compound 4 was previously obtained from Senna alata (synonym of Cassia alata) (Chimi et al., 2021), and compound 9 was already obtained from twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia spinosa (He et al., 2015). Additionally, pilloin (10) was identified by GS-MS from Dalbergia melanoxylon (Yin et al., 2018). Hence, this evidence further supports the taxonomy of the plant species G. ehie and enriches its chemistry. ...
Thirteen compounds (1− 13) were isolated and identified during phytochemical analysis of the leaves and stem bark of Guibourtia ehie (A. Chev) J. Leonard. Spectroscopic and spectrometric methods and the comparison of their results with those given in the literature were used to ascertain their structures. Furthermore, the acetylation of 3,3 ′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4 ′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (2) afforded a new derivative 3,3 ′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4 ′-O-β-D-(4,2 ′′ ,4 ′′-triacetyl)-xylopyranoside (2a). Extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were assessed for their antioxidant, urease, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compound 1 demonstrated potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH with an IC 50 value of 36.4 ± 0.2 µM, while rhaponticin (3), 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone (4), and taraxerol (6) exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC 50 values of 35.5 ± 0.1, 25.5 ± 0.2 and 43.4 ± 0.3 µM, respectively. The present study enriches the chemistry of Guiboutia ehie and provides further evidence on its bioactive constituents, which might help in the development of hypoglycaemic drugs.
... Ten neoflavonoids were recovered from hydro-ethanolic extract of D. latifolia heartwood [29] . GC-MS analysis of D. latifolia heartwood identified eight compounds viz, Phenol,4-methyl-2-[5-(2-thienyl)pyrazol-3-yl]-, 13-Docosenamide, (Z)-, Naphtho [2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione, 2-isopropyl-, 1-Thioflavone,7-methoxy, 1,7,7-Trimethyl-3phenethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, Phenol, 4,4′methylenebis[2,6-dimethyl-, 1,1′-Biphenyl,4,2′,3′,4′tetramethoxy-5′-methyl-6-methylaminomethyl-, (4-Methylsulfanylphenyl) carbamic acid, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl ester [30] . β-eudesmol, catechol, elemicin, formononetin, 2,6dimethoxy-4-allylphenol and 7-hydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one were the major components isolated from D. latifolia wood using GC-MS, Py-GC/MS and TD-GC/MS methods [31] . ...
... (6), all-E-lutein (7), catechin (8), dalbergin (9), dalbergiphenol (10), dalbin (11), dalbinol (12), dibutyl phthalate (13), ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (14), eucomic acid (15), isoparvifuran (16), latifolin (17), methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (18), phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (19), phthalic acid butyl isobutyl ester (20), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (21), quercetin (22), R-(-)-latifolin (23), stigmasterol (24), β-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin-3-palmitate and 3-acetoxy-oleanoic acid (25) βsitostenone (26), β-sitosterol (27), extracted from various parts of Dalbergia latifolia [26-28, 33-36, 20-21] . (7), (4-Methylsulfanylphenyl) carbamic acid, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl ester (8), identified from heartwood of Dalbergia latifolia using GC-MS [30] . ...
... The quantity of extractives in ABW heartwood has been estimated to be over 15 wt% in ethanol/benzene (1:2 v/v) solvent extraction, which is much higher than in other Dalbergia species, such as Dalbergia cultrate and Dalbergia latifolia [22]. The high concentrated extractives potentially work to promote flow deformation by heating beyond the thermal softening point of them. ...
... The high concentrated extractives potentially work to promote flow deformation by heating beyond the thermal softening point of them. Although identification and isolation of extractives obtained from ABW heartwood have been partly reported [22][23][24][25], there is little information about the effect of extractives on the thermal behavior of ABW. ...
... In this study, EB showed a significantly higher extraction rate than WT: 16.12% (EB) and 1.89% (WT) on average ( Table 1). The ethanol/benzene-soluble extractives comprising over 16 wt% of ABW heartwood (Table 1) [22], apparently have a large impact on ABW deformation characteristics. ...
African blackwood (ABW: Dalbergia melanoxylon) is a valuable tree in Tanzanian local community forests, and heartwood has been mainly utilized as an irreplaceable material in musical instruments, e.g., clarinet, oboe and piccolo. Since its use is generally for the production of musical instruments only, most of the harvested volume is wasted due to defects that would affect the quality of final products. Wood flow forming can transform bulk woods into materials in temperature/pressure-controlled mold via plastic flow deformation. The main object of this study was to evaluate the deformation characteristics of ABW heartwood in developing the potential of wasted ABW parts in terms of the effective material use. The deformation characteristics of heartwood were examined by free compression tests. Specimens were compressed along the radial direction at 120 °C, and air-dried heartwood was dramatically deformed in the tangential direction. The plastic flow deformation of ABW was amplified by the presence of both extractives and moisture. In particular, the ethanol/benzene (1:2, v/v) soluble extractives in heartwood may have contributed to flow deformation. The results of the dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the air-dried heartwood exhibited softening in a temperature range over 50 °C. The ethanol/benzene-soluble extractives contributed to the softening behavior. The clarified deformation characteristics of ABW can contribute to more efficient material use of local forests.
... With an air-dry density of its heartwood ranging between 1100 and 1400 kg/m 3 , it is one of the woods with the highest density among all commercial timbers in the world (Zadro 1975;Gérard et al. 2017;Sproßmann et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2020). Additionally, it possesses a high extractive content, up to 16 to 25% (Jankowska et al. 2016;Gérard et al. 2017;Yin et al. 2018), many of them from the category of neoflavanoids (Donnelly et al. 1975). These extractives possibly contribute to its high hygroscopic stability-which, however, remains to be proved through meticulous testing-and natural durability against timber-decaying organisms (Hillis 1971;Van Heerden et al. 1980;Rowell and Banks 1985;Gérard et al. 2017). ...
... This shows the possibility of other factors in play for the diffusion in L direction, such as the presence of extractives, which has been known to be very abundant in Dalbergia wood, with a strong presence in lumens (Donnelly et al. 1975;Gérard et al. 2017;Yin et al. 2018), and their role in moisture transfer in wood has been shown, mostly because of their water solubility properties (Choong 1969;Chen and Choong 1994). Furthermore, it has been found that extractives lower the dynamic sorption process and hygroscopicity of wood (Yang et al. 2018). ...
... At the same time, grenadilla has been known to possess high level of extractives, which is a non-structural part of the wood but still contribute to its mass (Donnelly et al. 1975;Sjostrom 1993). Yin et al. (2018), specifically, have conducted a thorough study regarding the extractives of grenadilla wood and found that the extractive percentage could reach up to 16.05% from extractions using a mixture of benzene/ethanol alone. This value could be considered high compared to subtropical wood, but in fact quite normal for this tropical wood, which could possess extractive content up to between 20 and 25% (Jankowska et al. 2016), a significant part of which is located in the lumens. ...
Grenadilla wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.) is a hardwood species found in Tanzania, Mozambique, and other countries in the tropical part of Africa, especially in the Eastern-Central region. Thanks to its high density and good hygroscopic stability, it is used in the making of various musical instruments and fine furniture. Due to the scarcity of published data on this wood species, more studies on its properties are needed to improve its processing and use, and even to search for sustainable alternative materials as its trade is increasingly limited by new regulations. This work is focused on the hygromechanical properties, which hold an important role in the applications of this wood: diffusion coefficients and adsorption–desorption curve (both measured at \(T = 20\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)), swelling–shrinkage coefficients and full orthotropic elastic constants using an ultrasonic method. Results show that grenadilla wood possesses small water diffusion coefficients (from \(1.54\pm 0.49\times 10^{-7}\,\hbox {cm}^2/\hbox {s}\) in T direction to \(4.58\pm 0.84\times 10^{-7}\,\hbox {cm}^{2}/\hbox {s}\) in L direction), which is probably related to its high density (\(1250.0\pm 26.2\,\hbox {kg}/\hbox {m}^{2}\)); unique equilibrium moisture content (sorption) curve with a lower fiber saturation point (\(0.173\pm 0.003\)); smaller swelling–shrinkage coefficients (\(0.20\pm 0.03\) and \(0.32\pm 0.05\) in T and R directions, respectively); and elastic constants lower in the longitudinal direction (\(15.56\pm 1.79\) GPa) and higher in the transverse ones (\(5.10\pm 0.46\) GPa and \(4.05\pm 0.35\) GPa in R and T directions, respectively) than what could be expected with a standard model based on the density only. Several explanations were described here, from the effects of a high extractive content to the possibility of a high microfibril and/or fiber angle.
