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Sir Isaac Newton invented law of gravitation to ensure very theme the force of attraction between the particles and the reason of falling particles downwards. Later on same type of equation is developed by Coulomb for finding the force between electrically charged particles or magnetic poles. Simply this formula originated by Newton for calculating...
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... coefficient describes how much of an electromagnetic waves are reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the transmission medium. It is measured to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected EM waves to the incident EM waves. Half wave dipole antenna receives electromagnetic waves (radio waves or microwaves) with high energy as shown in Fig. 3. The antenna consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver R. The electric field or energy (E) of the incoming EM waves makes alignment the outermost shell electrons of the atoms in the antenna rods clockwise in positive half wave length and anticlockwise in the negative half wavelength, as a result alternately positive (+) and ...
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The conventional permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG) used for oceanic wave energy extraction are made of ordinary graded neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets (PMs). As a result, while the temperature of the generator gradually increases because of continuous operation, the generation of electrical power would be low because of demagn...
The existing linear generator are mostly made of conventional iron core and permanent magnet (PM). During the operation of this generator, it becomes heated because of the magnetic and mechanical losses. When the temperature rises in the linear generator, then the output power becomes low because of degradation of the remanence magnetism of the PMs...
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... The antenna is meant for operation in Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) [17]. UWB technologies are typically high-data-rate and wide-bandwidth in microwave systems, allowing transmission of video, audio, and data files at a much faster pace [18]. Numerous papers on different antenna designs have been presented as real-world wireless communication applications to showcase the benefits of UWB [19]. ...
This study presents a novel elliptical microstrip antenna (EMSA) design method for enhanced bandwidth. The proposed EMSA offers versatile polarization control, generating both linear and circular polarization. Wider impedance bandwidths compared to some other patch antennas make it suitable for broadband communication. Its compact size facilitates integration into space-constrained devices. Additionally, it provides polarization diversity for MIMO systems, reducing signal fading. The fabricated EMSA, operating at 7.05 GHz, achieves a simulated bandwidth of 5.7% and a measured bandwidth of 4.28%. It exhibits a return loss of -42 dB, 50 Ω impedance matching, 8.57 dB radiation gain, and a VSWR of 1.016. Two bandwidth enhancement techniques were investigated: reducing the ground plane size and incorporating slots within the patch. The partial ground plane achieved simulated and measured bandwidth improvements of 146% and 167%, respectively. The slotted patch yielded 160% and 180% improvements, respectively.
... Radio waves, television waves, microwaves, X-rays, visible light waves are all examples of electromagnetic waves [1,2], they differ from each other only in wavelength or frequency. Highfrequency electromagnetic waves (MHz, GHz) transmitted by electronic equipment such as microwave oven, antennas for 4G, 5G mobile communications, etc. have a harmful effect on the health of plants, animals and people because these waves applied at high frequencies decrease the resistance of animal and human organism leading to the appearance of various diseases and even death [2,3]. ...
The paper presents the characterization of 5 polymer composite materials with a poly-propylene (PP) matrix obtained with different (mass) concentrations of strontium ferrite (Fe12SrO19) reinforcement that have synergistic protective properties against electrostatic discharges (ESD) and electromagnetic impulses (EMI). These types of composites can be used to protect electronic equipment. To this purpose, suitable polymer composites were developed using SrFe12O19 type filler in two forms (powder and concentrate). The weight ratio of the PP/SrFe12O19 composites obtained by the extrusion process and injection from the melt is 75/25 and 70/30. The characterization of these composite materials consisted of carrying out some physico-chemical tests to determine the hydrostatic density and the resistance to the action of water, as well as FTIR, UV-Vis analyzes and dielectric, magnetic and functional tests to identify the simultaneous protection performance at electromagnetic shielding and electrostatic discharges, which can occur in the electro-technical, electronics and automotive industries. It is also found that all composite materials presented reflection shielding properties (SER) in the range: -71.5 dB...to -56.7 dB, indicating very low absorption shielding. The best performing material was the PP/SrFe12O19 powder composite with a weight ratio of 70/30. At the same time, EDS tests were also carried out on these materials. For these applications, the surface resistance Rs and the point-to-point resistance Rp were tested. Recommended composites for simultaneous EMI and sensitivity to electrostatic discharges (ESD) functionality, in order of their performance, are M2 (with 30% ferrite powder) and M1 (with 25% ferrite powder). M4 composite (with 30% ferrite powder concentrate) can also be used at the limit. Following the research carried out, the obtained results recommend the composite with promising simultaneous operations as M2 (with 30% ferrite powder). The element of originality consists of obtaining polymer composites with simultaneous properties of protection against electromagnetic impulses and electrostatic discharges.
... This is clearly explained by Max Planck and Albert Einstein's Modern Quantum Theory such as electromagnetic waves consist of photon particles (as they assumed) and the energy (E) possessed by the waves or photon particles are calculated [1]-[3]. Photon is a massless and charge less elementary particle having particle and wave properties both as per their assumptions.If the energy of each photon is E; Then, E = hf ........................(1) where h is called Planck's Constant, h = 6.626 × 10 −34 joule-second; f or ν is the linear frequency of the electromagnetic waves. ...
Electromagnetic waves pass through any type of mediums like
solid-liquid-gaseous materials, air and space. Electromagnetic
waves are manufactured from the beam of electrons passing
through electric and magnetic fields acting perpendicular to each
other. It moves in the air with the speed of light and having
frequency very low range (3 Hz) to very high range (10 to the power 24 Hz). It comprises with electromagnetic spectrum under different frequencies arranging in increasing range such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc. Maxwell invented
mathematical formulas regarding electric and magnetic field for
the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Conception of
electromagnetic waves is proposed that they consist of photons
which are massless and chargeless particle. In this paper, it is
invented that electromagnetic waves are bunch of free electrons
moving with the velocity of light having very huge (infinity) mass
penetrating all type of materials, air and space. Exposure of
electromagnetic waves is causing environmental pollution and
health hazards to living creatures including human and tree
kingdoms at the maximum extent.
... This is clearly explained by Max Planck and Albert Einstein's Modern Quantum Theory such as electromagnetic waves consist of photon particles (as they assumed) and the energy (E) possessed by the waves or photon particles are calculated [1]-[3]. Photon is a massless and chargeless elementary particle having particle and wave properties both as per their assumptions. ...
Electromagnetic waves can travel through any type of mediums like solid-liquid-gaseous materials, air and space. Electromagnetic waves are obtained from the beam of electrons passing through electric and magnetic fields acting perpendicular to each other. It is moving in the air with the speed of light and having frequency low range (3 Hz) to very high range (10 to the power 24 Hz). It comprises with electromagnetic spectrum under different frequencies in increasing range such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc. Maxwell proposed mathematical formulas regarding electric and magnetic field for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. General conception of electromagnetic waves is that they consist of photons which are massless and chargeless particle. In this paper, it is invented that electromagnetic waves are bunch of free electrons moving with the velocity of light having very huge (infinity) mass penetrating all type of materials, air and space.
... Thus it signifies that any one form of energy can be obtained from interaction of other two forms of energy, i.e., electrical energy (voltage or current in closed circuit) is obtained from the interaction of (by cutting magnetic lines of forces, i.e., rate of change of magnetic flux) mechanical energy (rotating or moving) and magnetic energy in case of generator; and mechanical energy (in case of motor) is obtained from the interaction of electrical energy and magnetic energy. However, magnetic energy (magnetic lines of forces) can be created by the interaction of electrical energy (voltage or current) and mechanical energy (movement) [10]. ...
Earth's magnetic field, called the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the earth's interior out into space. When the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun, interacts with the earth's magnetic field, most of them are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt and protects the earth from the harmful charged particles and cosmic rays. The earth exhibits like a bar magnet in which the North geographic pole actually represents the South pole of the earth's magnetic field, and conversely the South geographic pole corresponds to the North pole of the earth's magnetic field. The scientists described the cause of the earth's magnetism that the magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents from a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the earth's outer core; these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. The circulating ions that are highly conducting in the outer core of the earth result in the formation of the current loops. These current loops are the reason behind the formation of the magnetic field. Then paleomagnetism is developed to measure the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth's magnetic field. In this paper, cause of the earth's magnetism is enlightened in a new way. The existence of molten iron and nickel in the earth's outer core is incorrect; because of this high temperature evolving in the outer core of the earth, the materials in other layers also melt. Actually the cause of the earth's magnetism is the interaction of electric fields (electric current) induced by the solar wind (coronal discharge) and the movement of the earth including both rotations about its own axis and the sun as per Faraday and Lenz's laws of electromagnetic induction. For this cause, all other planets and the satellites (e.g., moon) in the solar system are having magnetic field which obstructs the maximum high energy particles from the sun (solar wind) to discharge on their surfaces.
... If the energy of each photon (waves or soul) is E; Velocity of a soul, c is equal to the velocity of light, Hence, c = 2.9979 × 10 8 meters/second or 1,86,000 miles/second. Now if the wavelength (λ) of the waves (soul) is having low value and the frequency (f) of the waves is belonging to high value, that waves (soul) possess high energy (E) and can pass through a wide region in air and space [16][17][18] . As a result it is observed that if a person raised as great and advanced position in living life, his/her soul (waves) can reach to the upper level or plane in space or universe after being dead. ...
It is told that the soul or spirit of a living being is everlasting and not bounded by space and time. Modern science does not believe on the existence of soul and the reality of the soul from a dead living being taking place in rebirth. In Hindu religious literatures such as Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita and Yogas etc., the characteristics and activities of the soul are clearly described. Also in all other religious literatures like Tripitaka, Bible, Quran etc. the presence of soul in a living body and after death is deliberated. In this paper, detailed study of soul is delineated from different point of views. The existence of a soul can be established by planchette process with the help of living persons as mediums or carriers. So many types of information about past and future happenings can be known from the soul of a dead person in planchette, although correctness of the future predictions depends on the knowledge of the incoming dead person. It is determined from Modern Quantum Theory of physics that actually a soul is waves like electromagnetic waves having fixed very high frequency and very low wavelength range with a very low potential or voltage. Hence, soul is never ending after death of a living being, and it bears the acquaintance of the living being for an indefinite period of time.
Electromagnetic waves pass through any type of mediums like solid, liquid, gaseous materials, air and space. Electromagnetic waves are manufactured from the beam of electrons passing through electric and magnetic fields acting perpendicular to each other. It moves in the air with the speed of light and having frequency very low range (3 Hz) to very high range (10 to the power 24 Hz). It comprises with electromagnetic spectrum under different frequencies arranging in increasing range such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc. Maxwell invented mathematical formulas regarding electric and magnetic field for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Conception of electromagnetic waves is proposed that they consist of photons which are massless and chargeless particle. In this paper, it is discussed that electromagnetic waves are bunch of free electrons moving with the velocity of light having very huge
(infinity) mass penetrating all type of materials, air and space. Exposure of electromagnetic waves from different sources like mobile phone, electronics equipment, satellite and radar system etc. is causing environmental pollution and health hazards to living creatures including human one with slow killing ability. It is urgently necessary to frame guidelines and rules for saving nature and its inhabitants from high frequency electromagnetic waves.
