Habitat of Sulphur-rumped Tanager Heterospingus rubrifrons and nest site at Veragua Rainforest Reserve, Costa Rica: (A) the white arrow indicates the height of the nest in the Adonidia merrillii palm; (B) close-up of the nest in the palm frond, the white line represents the location of nest cup, the excess of material left of this and above the palm frond is the nest 'tail' (Diego Salas-Solano)

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Context 1

... 83°11'26"W; 425 m) in June-July 2023. Our observations using binoculars were made opportunistically 5-10 m from the palm with the nest, mostly in the morning. The site was in the main entrance of the reserve lodge, an open area comprising a small parking lot for vehicles, a garden with several introduced plant species, and small buildings ( Fig. 1a), surrounded by 30 year-old secondary forest and a young Vochysia sp. plantation. After the nest was abandoned, it was collected and measured using a metal ruler and analogue callipers (± 0.01 ...

Context 2

... 10 June 2023, we observed two Sulphur-rumped Tanagers, presumably a pair, carrying dry twigs to the top of a palm Adonidia merrillii frond, 5 m above ground (Fig. 1A). The nest was located at the base of the frond, which created a 45° angle to the main trunk (Fig. 1B). The palm, 5.5 m tall, had no contact to other plants; closest were two small banana plants (Musa sp.) c.1.5 m away. Nearby was the border of the secondary forest with a mix of tall trees (>9 m), many vines (Arecaceae), bushes, and ...

Context 3

... 10 June 2023, we observed two Sulphur-rumped Tanagers, presumably a pair, carrying dry twigs to the top of a palm Adonidia merrillii frond, 5 m above ground (Fig. 1A). The nest was located at the base of the frond, which created a 45° angle to the main trunk (Fig. 1B). The palm, 5.5 m tall, had no contact to other plants; closest were two small banana plants (Musa sp.) c.1.5 m away. Nearby was the border of the secondary forest with a mix of tall trees (>9 m), many vines (Arecaceae), bushes, and other palms. The palm was also 4 m from a small house. A group of six other adults was seen in the ...

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... nest was of the low cup/base type (Fig. 2) sensu Simon & Pacheco (2005), and was built atop dry fern rhizomes accumulated by both adults on the palm frond rachis and supported by leaf petioles and leaflets ( Figs. 1-2). The nest had two layers and a small 'tail' (Fig. 2). The external layer was composed of dry fern rhizomes and the internal layer of pieces of dry leaves and filaments of horsehair fungus (Marasmius sp.) (Fig. 2). The 'tail' comprised dry fern rhizomes and a live fern that had probably grown from the rhizomes used for the external ...