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HPLC chromatogram of a standard mixture at 20 mg L⁻¹. Peak identification: (1) octopamine, (2) synephrine, (3) tyramine, (4) phenylephrine, (5) N-methyltyramine, (6) hordenine
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Six protoalkaloids in the fruits of 34 Chinese local loose-skin mandarins and 25 sweet oranges were detected simultaneously by strong cation exchange-high performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector (SCX-HPLC-UV). Linear regression analysis showed satisfactory linearity for all the analytes with the correlation coefficients (R²)...
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Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In pursuit of data related to the unauthorized presence of pharmaceuticals in food supplements, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was searched for the 2011–2022 perio...
This review provides an overview of recent developments in Citrus aurantium L. (sour or bitter orange), focusing on its bioactive compounds, innovative extraction techniques, and technological applications. C. aurantium is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin, kaempferol, quercetin), essential oils (β-pinene, limonen...
BACKGROUND
Citrus aurantium L. (Aurantii fructus) is a multi‐purpose citrus fruit with high medicinal and nutritional value, but currently there are no data that can be used to investigate the appropriate harvest time to obtain high‐quality citrus bioactive ingredients from it.
RESULTS
Phytochemicals and the levels of the main bioactive ingredient...
Dietary supplementation containing Citrus sinensis extract is being widely used for weight loss due to its anti-adipogenic and antioxidant effects that regulate the metabolism of fatty acids. Bioactive compounds upregulate PPARα in the liver tissue, increasing oxidation of fatty acids and improving insulin sensitivity in addition to decreasing the...
A single herb can contain multiple constituents with diverse bioactivities. We found that the extract of Citrus unshiu peel (CUP), induced abnormal vasoconstriction responses on the freshly isolated rat aortic rings in vitro. CUP stimulated the vasoconstriction alone, and it suppressed the phenylephrine-stimulated vasoconstriction. We studied the r...
Citations
... A large number of these products include extracts of bitter orange and other citrus fruits in their formulations, because of their relatively high content of different aromatic BAs, such as synephrine (SYN), octopamine (OCT), and tyramine (TYR), which have an adrenergic effect and structural similarities to the bioactive compounds ephedrine and adrenaline [5,6]. In citrus fruits, SNP is the most abundant, followed by OCT [7]. Both para-SYN, commonly referred to as SYN, and meta-SYN, also known as phenylephrine (PEP), gained scientific interest following the FDA's 2004 ban on ephedrine-containing dietary supplements [8]. ...
The biogenic amines (BAs) synephrine (SNP), phenylephrine (PEP), tyramine (TYR), and octopamine (OCT) may be present in products widely consumed for weight loss, muscle power, and in energy supplements. Considering the toxicity of these BAs at high levels and their biomarker role in some human pathologies, their monitoring in urine can be of great help in the detection of abusive consumption or disease. In this work, a combination of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for the simultaneous determination of four aromatic BAs in human urine is presented. The sample treatment included a previous derivatization step with dansyl chloride to achieve the highest extraction efficiency in the DLLME procedure for which a mixture of 350 μL of chloroform and 2 mL of ethanol was added to 5 mL of derivatized urine. Limits of detection were in the 0.54–3.6 µg L−1 range. Method precision and trueness were estimated at two concentration levels and were in the 3.4–10.2% and 93.6–114% ranges, respectively. The analysis of nine urine samples showed concentration levels for TYR between 52 and 304 µg L−1. Non-targeted analysis of the samples was undertaken to control the presence of other BAs and related metabolites, and none of these species was detected.
... Li group determined limonin, nomilin, and naringin in Guoqing No. 1 Wenzhoumigan [24]. In addition, Zhang and Jiao analyzed the contents of 6 alkaloids in loose-skin mandarins, including three satsuma mandarins [25]. Xu et al. studied merely 4 furanocoumarins in citrus, including Guoqing No. 1 Wenzhoumigan [26]. ...
... The contents of betaine, tyramine, and octopamine in the peels were all higher than in the pulps, but N-methyltyramine and hordenine showed the opposite trend (Fig. 3c). Although tyramine was not detected in the pulp of GQ by Zhang and Jiao [25], it was quantitated in our study, which was probably attributed to the high sensitivity of the new method. ...
The important effects of secondary metabolites on human health and plant growth have stimulated the development of various analytical methods for screening and quantitating secondary metabolites in citrus in recent years. In this study, a rapid and efficient ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous targeted screening and quantitative analysis of 66 secondary metabolites in satsuma mandarin. Six categories of secondary metabolites (including flavonoids, phenolic acids, limonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, and furocoumarins), especially twelve groups of isomers, were separated within the short chromatographic running time of 15 min. The new method was further validated by using linear correlation coefficients, recovery, inter-day and intra-day precision, and limits of detection and quantitation. This method has high efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity with short analysis time and can be successfully used for targeted screening and quantitation of secondary metabolites in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Acacetin, phloretin, and so on were first reported in satsuma mandarin. As is known so far, this is one of the most extensive studies concerning the composition of secondary metabolites in satsuma mandarin taking into account the types and numbers of analytes in a single analytical run.
... times. N-methyltyramine and octopamine were detected in pulps of all the sweet oranges but in minor levels (Zhang & Jiao, 2019). ...
Sweet and bitter oranges are two of the most commercially-important fruit with a total world production of 75.4 Mt, well-recognized for their unique sensory characters in addition to multiple nutritive and therapeutic attributes due to their highly-valued bioactive ingredients. Hence, their differential qualitative/quantitative phytochemical make-ups are presented for better utilization as therapeutic agents. Sweet orange exhibits therapeutic applications as being effective anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hypocholesterolemic agents. Whereas, for anti-osteoporotic products and intestinal dysbiosis treatment, bitter orange is more preferred. Moreover, the review recapitulates on different valorization practices of citrus bio-wastes and utilization of their bioactives as therapeutic agents and in functional food industry. Sweet orange waste functions as a fat replacer and preservative to increase food shelf life with better organoleptic attributes than bitter orange. The detailed action mechanism and safety of Citrus bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve its effects are posed as future research perspectives.
Citrus aurantium L., sometimes known as “sour orange,” is an important Chinese herb with young, immature fruits, or “zhishi,” that are high in synephrine. Synephrine is a commonly utilized natural chemical with promising applications in effectively increasing metabolism, heat expenditure, energy level, oxidative fat, and weight loss. However, little is known about the genes and pathways involved in synephrine production during the critical developmental stages of C. aurantium L., which limits the development of the industry. According to this study, the concentration of synephrine gradually decreased as the fruit developed. Transcriptome sequencing was used to examine the DEGs associated with synephrine connections and served as the foundation for creating synephrine-rich C. aurantium L. Comparisons conducted between different developmental stages to obtain DEGs, and the number of DEGs varied from 690 to 3,019. Tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, phenylalanine, and tyrosine metabolism were the main KEGG pathways that were substantially enriched. The results showed that 25 genes among these KEGG pathways may be related to synephrine synthesis. The WGCNA and one-way ANOVA analysis adoption variance across the groups suggested that 11 genes might play a crucial role in synephrine synthesis and should therefore be further analyzed. We also selected six DEGs at random and analyzed their expression levels by RT-qPCR, and high repeatability and reliability were demonstrated by our finished RNA-seq study results. These results may be useful in selecting or modifying genes to increase the quantity of synephrine in sour oranges.
An electrochemical switch sensor toward ephedrine hydrochloride (EPh) determination was developed based on complex reactions and molecular imprinting (MIP) technique. The MIP was formed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Nafion-multi-walled carbon nanotube (Nafion-MWCNTs/GCE). The analytical performances of this sensor were evaluated using several electrochemical methods by measuring the response of EPh elution and re-adsorption in MIP. The working concentration range of this sensor was 1.8 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L ∼ 7.5 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L with a detection limit of 7.2 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L (S/N = 3). The sensor also displayed a fast response time of less than 180 s and good anti-interference ability towards several co-existing substances. The determination of EPh in spiked Saliva samples also receives satisfying results which suggest potential applications of the present sensor.
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
