FIGURE 2 - uploaded by Anna H. Jankowiak
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The aim of this paper is to examine the Polish investment attractiveness for foreign investors
from Asian countries in the context of cluster formation. Poland, as a country rapidly growing
in the center of Europe is often chosen as the location for foreign investment and is a place
for localization for more and more industrial clusters. Investment...
Contexts in source publication
Context 2
... capital is another group of factors positively influencing the in- vestment attractiveness of Poland. On one hand, still there is preferred number of labor force, and on the other hand, the cost of operating hours is lower compared to the EU average (Figure 2 , 2016), but the pace of wage growth in this country is much higher than the rate in Poland. Analysis of the data shows that the cost of labor in Poland is a strong argument for investment attractive- ness, especially imposing on the data the level of education and the know- ledge of foreign languages. ...
Citations
Purpose: The objective of this paper is to present Chinese investment flows and the nature of participation, to analyze the differences between host countries, and to identify the determinants of Chinese FDI in Poland and the Czech Republic. Design/methodology/approach: Comparison of the specifics of Chinese direct investments in Poland and the Czech Republic. Findings: The nature of Chinese investment in Europe is changing. After years of being dominated by mergers and acquisitions, Chinese investment in Europe is now more focused on greenfield projects. In 2021, greenfield investments reached €3.3 billion, the highest ever recorded, and accounted for nearly one- third of all Chinese FDI. More recently, the volume of Chinese FDI in Europe has reached the level of European FDI in China (now constrained by restrictions and risks). It matched the level of FDI by Chinese companies in the United States before declining over the past two years, generally due to Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine. Chinese economic presence in Europe can be divided into three areas based on size, destination, and type of acquisition: The core of Europe is formed by the three major target countries (Germany, UK, France), where more capital-intensive investments are made, followed by other Western European countries (EU-15). The new member states (NMS), which joined the EU in 2004, 2007 and 2013, as well as the Western Balkan countries in the process of accession, are associated with China in the 16+1 format (with the exception of Kosovo) and form another gateway to Europe. Due to fewer market opportunities, they receive less direct investment, but China is building infrastructure (ports, highways, railroads) - segments of the Silk Road that will bring Chinese products to mature EU markets (Richtet, 2019). It is unlikely that Chinese investment in Europe will recover in 2023. The Chinese government is expected to maintain strict capital controls, financial retrenchment, and Covid-19 restrictions. The war in Ukraine and the expansion of regulations to monitor and control Chinese investments in the EU and the UK will cause additional difficulties. Originality/value: The article could be an attempt to answer the question of combining macroeconomic and institutional factors to better understand the internationalization of firms (Dunning, Lundan, 2008). There is no doubt, that the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine made it necessary to deepen the study of the phenomenon of FDI, its inflows, determinants, and related challenges in a turbulent world. Keywords: foreign direct investments (FDI), People's Republic of China, Czech Republic, Poland, international relationships. Category of the paper: Research paper.