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![Fig. 1. Growth of Connected Devices from 1950 to 2050 [8]](profile/Mohamed-Firdhous/publication/330245871/figure/fig1/AS:899149893468162@1591385448348/Growth-of-Connected-Devices-from-1950-to-2050-8_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2. IoT Layered Architectures Proposed in Literature [11], [12]](profile/Mohamed-Firdhous/publication/330245871/figure/fig2/AS:899149897670657@1591385449149/IoT-Layered-Architectures-Proposed-in-Literature-11-12_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 3. IoT Layered Architecture Proposed by Tan and Wang [13]](profile/Mohamed-Firdhous/publication/330245871/figure/fig3/AS:899149897691136@1591385449181/IoT-Layered-Architecture-Proposed-by-Tan-and-Wang-13_Q320.jpg)
Internet of Things has gained the attention of almost everybody due to its capability of monitoring and controlling the environment. IoT helps making decisions supported by real data collected using large number of ordinary day-to-day devices that have been augmented with intelligence through the installation of sensing, processing and communicatio...
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... was forecasted that the number of devices connected to the Internet would reach 25 billion in 2020 from 10 billion in 2014 and surpass 100 billion by 2050 [9]. Figure 1 shows the growth of connected devices on the Internet starting from 1950s to 2050 by forecaseted IBM in 2015. ...
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Integration of blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) to build a secure, trusted and robust communication technology is currently of great interest for research communities and industries. But challenge is to identify the appropriate position of blockchain in current settings of IoT with minimal consequences. In this article we propose a blockchai...
![Fig. 2. Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) [21].](profile/Pavel-Vrba-2/publication/334651564/figure/fig2/AS:784164785750018@1563970862317/Reference-Architecture-Model-for-Industry-40-RAMI-40-21_Q320.jpg)
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Advances in the domain of electronics and information and communication technology provide a tremendous set of new possibilities and services. The development of the Internet of Things concept where different sensors, actuators, and control devices are connected together and where functions are provided to the Internet, is on the way to be used als...
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... In the beginning, IoT relied on traditional technologies such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, and so on, which succeeded in providing high-speed and reliable transmissions. On the other hand, they demand high deployment costs and energy consumption, as in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, or they provide short-range coverage of connected devices with lower energy consumption, as in Zigbee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [5]. Hence, they do not offer efficient solutions to long-range communication that require the devices to operate at low power in order to live for years [2,4]. ...
The internet of things (IoT) revolutionized human life, whereby a large number of interrelated devices are connected to exchange data in order to accomplish many tasks, leading to the rapid growth of connected devices, reaching the tens of billions. The Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) protocols paradigm has emerged to satisfy the IoT application requirements, especially in terms of long-range communication and low power consumption. However, LPWA technologies still do not completely meet the scalability requirement of IoT applications. The main critical issues are the restrictive duty cycle regulations of the sub-GHz band in which most LPWA technologies operate, as well as the random access to the medium. Ingenu Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA) is an LPWA technology that uses the 2.4 GHz band that is not subject to the duty cycle constraint. Furthermore, RPMA uses Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) as a modulation technique; hence, it is an excellent candidate technology for handling scalable LPWA networks. In this paper, we perform mathematical and simulation analysis to assess RPMA scalability and the factors that affect it, especially when all the available channels are used. The results indicate that RPMA has impressive scalability. Indeed, by taking advantage of the multichannel feature in RPMA, the network capacity can be increased by up to 38 times. Aditionally, randomly selecting the Spreading Factors (SF) degrades the network scalability, as working on higher SFs will increase the probability of collision. Thus, we proposed an SF distribution algorithm that ensures effective packet delivery with minimum collision.
... As humanity moves toward the Society 5.0 [1] paradigm and industries move toward the Industry 4.0 [2,3] model, smart devices will become increasingly ubiquitous; it is expected that more than 100 billion such devices will exist by 2050 [4]. With more computing power and smaller (or no) screens, the user interface design paradigm is shifting from graphical user interfaces (GUI) to conversational user interfaces (CUI) [5]. ...
The number of smart devices is expected to exceed 100 billion by 2050, and many will feature conversational user interfaces. Thus, methods for generating appropriate prosody for the responses of embodied conversational agents will be very important. This paper presents the results of the “Talk to Kotaro” experiment, which was conducted to better understand how people from different cultural backgrounds react when listening to prosody and phone choices for the IPA symbol-based gibberish speech of the virtual embodied conversational agent Kotaro. It also presents an analysis of the responses to a post-experiment Likert scale questionnaire and the emotions estimated from the participants’ facial expressions, which allowed one to obtain a phone embedding matrix and to conclude that there is no common cross-cultural baseline impression regarding different prosody parameters and that similarly sounding phones are not close in the embedding space. Finally, it also provides the obtained data in a fully anonymous data set.
... Wi-Fi is a ubiquitous wireless communication protocol that operates on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands and has a range of up to 100 m [14]. ...
This paper presents the design and implementation of a versatile IoT testbed utilizing the openHAB platform, along with various wireless interfaces, including Z-Wave, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, 4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), and IR (Infrared Radiation), and an array of sensors for motion, temperature, luminance, humidity, vibration, UV (ultraviolet), and energy consumption. First, the testbed architecture, setup, basic testing, and collected data results are described. Then, by showcasing a typical day in the laboratory, we illustrate the testbed’s potential through the collection and analysis of data from multiple sensors. The study also explores the capabilities of the openHAB platform, including its robust persistence layer, event management, real-time monitoring, and customization. The significance of the testbed in enhancing data collection methodologies for energy assets and unlocking new possibilities in the realm of IoT technologies is particularly highlighted.
... The fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology is a ground-breaking innovation in the telecommunications industry that offers numerous advantages over its predecessors. The benefits of 5G technology, such as increased data rates, decreased latency, increased network capacity, improved energy efficiency, and the facilitation of new applications and services [39]. The benefits of 5G include: ...
... • Enhanced data rates: With peak data rates reaching 20 Gbps, 5G networks can deliver data speeds up to 100 times faster than 4G networks [40]. Users will be able to quickly download and stream high-quality content thanks to this increased speed [39]. ...
... • Reduced latency: The amount of time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver is referred to as latency. When compared to 4G networks, which have a latency of approximately 50 ms, 5G networks have a significantly lower latency of as little as 1 ms [39]. In applications like gaming, virtual reality, and remote surgery [40], the reduction in latency makes it possible to communicate in real-time and enhances the user experience. ...
The latest cellular technology, known as 5G, is anticipated to significantly improve the way systems in the physical and social environment (PSE) interact with technology. 5G technologies allow for the creation of a wide range of novel automation and applications. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual and augmented reality (VAR), telemedicine, and autonomous vehicles have increased the growth of applications in the PSEs and can further benefit from 5G’s fast data transfer speeds (ranging from 1 to 10 Gbps) and low latency. The introduction of 5G may cause a paradigm shift in the operations of some industries, offer new economic opportunities, and impact our daily lives and relationships with the PSE. In this chapter, we examine how 5G revolutionize transport, the environment, and health. The chapter focuses on recent technologies related to virtual and augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, telemedicine, and edge computing among others.
... WiFi is a ubiquitous wireless communication protocol that operates on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands and has a range of up to 100 meters [16]. ...
This paper presents the design and implementation of a versatile IoT testbed utilizing the openHab platform along with various wireless interfaces, including Z-Wave, ZigBee, WiFi, 4G-LTE, and IR, and an array of sensors for motion, temperature, luminance, humidity, vibration, UV, and energy consumption. First, the testbed architecture, setup, basic testing, and collected data results are described. Then, by showcasing a typical day in the laboratory, we illustrate the testbed's potential through the collection and analysis of data from multiple sensors. The study also explores the capabilities of the openHab platform, including its robust persistence layer, event management, real-time monitoring, and customization. The significance of the testbed in enhancing data-collection methodologies for energy assets and unlocking new possibilities in the realm of IoT technologies is particularly highlighted.
... The sensors contribute to reading the physical conditions of the environment in terms of temperature, lighting, pressure, noise, pollution, etc., while RFID tags give things a unique identity and enable smart systems to track and interact with these things. There are a set of different wireless communication protocols, the most important are Zigbee, Bluetooth, NFC, Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, RF, etc. [23]. These protocols differ from each other in speed, bandwidth, rate of energy consumption, and coverage area. ...
The revolution of technologies and communications pushed for smarter applications and services. A smart university has become a target for educational institutions in many countries in the last few years. The smart-university provides many advantages in all aspects: academic, administrative, and research. Transformation to a smart university will save time, effort, and cost, in addition to increasing the quality of services, users' satisfaction, and sustainability. This research provided reviewing study for the most important standards, services, applications, and tools that must be present in smart universities. Then, the research proposed a framework to transform universities into smart ones. In recent years, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is considered one of the leading countries in the field of digital transformation. So, in the next phase, we will try to apply the proposed framework in one of the KSA universities.
... In this project, ESP32 is selected due to its cost effectiveness and additional functionalities [19]. In terms of communication protocols, WiFi is chosen over others such as Bluetooth, MiWi, Zigbee, LoRa and LTE mainly due to its capability to transmit data over a long distance with high speed as well as its cost effectiveness [20]. The system to be proposed in this paper combines the strengths and overcomes the weaknesses such as complicated design and unfriendly user interface as documented in [14]- [18]. ...
The increase in electricity consumption coupled with the lack of a convenient way to assist the consumers to lower their electricity consumption is a growing concern. Smart internet of things (IoT)-based devices has been developed in this regard. However, no specific standards were followed, and this is a problem for the consumer as they have to own different smart device from different brands which results in higher cost. To solve these issues, a smart power switch using IoT is proposed. The system consists of microcontroller (ESP32), relay and current sensor (ACS712). The ACS712 measures the current of the appliance. The ESP32 then send these readings to server. Whenever the ESP32 receives switching commands from the cloud platform, ESP32 will activate the relay and hence switching the appliance. The cloud platform is linux based virtual private server (VPS) running on Django Python and structured query language (SQL) ite database. The mobile application built using flutter to allow both iOS and android users to use the app to control and monitor the normal appliances. The server, circuit and mobile application have showed a real-time data exchange, fast response, numerical, graphical consumption presentation and capable of setting energy or power limit for the appliance to not exceed. © 2023 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
... LoRaWAN[29,50] • LoRaWAN provides a long range of communication to low data rate applications at a low cost • Due to its simplicity and adaptability, LoRaWAN is easy to deploy almost anywhere • LoRaWAN supports a variety of data rates, making it suitable for a wide range of applications• Several LoRaWAN networks operate in the same area, increasing interference issues • Low bandwidth allows for only a limited quantity of data to be sent • It is not suitable for applications which demand low latency and bounded jitters SigFox • SigFox technology is best suited for applications that need to transmit limited amount of data in a reliable manner • SigFox technology employs UNB, which efficiently utilizes bandwidth and allows data to be transmitted over longer distances while consuming very little power • SigFox uses time and frequency diversity as well as transmission duplication to ensure communication reliability • Number of messages transmitted per day is limited • To provide higher reliability SigFox retransmits message a number of times which increases the network traffic • Data transfer speed is low (continued) ...
The advancement in technology has made interaction among objects a reality. A network of devices can be created by linking them via the Internet and facilitating communication among these devices by sending and receiving the messages. This network of objects is called the Internet of Things (IoT). Various communication technologies are used for connecting devices in IoT; however, the selection of communication protocol depends on the requirement of the application. This paper discusses some of the most commonly used IoT communication technologies. A comparison has been made among these technologies on the basis of various parameters, such as communication range, amount of power consumed, the area covered, data transmission rate, frequency range, and the applications where they are used. Additionally, the pros and cons of these communication technologies have also been discussed.
KeywordsIoTCommunication technologies in IoTRFIDNFCBluetoothZigbeeLoRaWANSigFoxNB-IoTWi-FiCellular network
... IoT platforms are flexible in the selection of the kind of communication technology (each with special characteristics), by the application needs. Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth[76], as well as cellular technology, e.g., 5G and LTE-4G networks[77], are examples of these technologies. The fourth constituent in an IoT platform is the data storage, enabling managing data provided by the sensors.Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is defined as an LPWAN communication technology. ...
The current advances in the integration of devices through the internet of things (IoT) have encouraged researchers to focus on the applications of IoT in the automotive industry. Although different achievements in the in-vehicle network analysis and traffic management have been already reviewed, a comprehensive study to bring together the main applications of the IoT in the automotive industry is required. Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are established as the most common prime-mover for cars, however, with the depleting fossil-fuel resources, the interest in the usage of fuel cells and batteries has increased. In this regard, the main goal of the current study is to evaluate the application of IoT in batteries, fuel cells, and ICEs. This paper is also centralized on different types of IoT applications and combines them with empirical articles such as Random Location Detection, Vehicle Theft Prevention, Observation of vehicle performance, and industrial management of vehicles. As an output of this comprehensive review, different usages of the IoT in the automotive sector will be clarified. Also, this article can be considered as a basis for advancing the recent implementation of the IoT in the fuel cell, battery, and ICE domains.
... Based on your application's requirements, IoT platforms provide you the flexibility to pick the type of communication technology you want (each with its own set of capabilities). Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee [10], as well as cellular networks like LTE-4G and 5G networks [11], are examples of these technologies. The IoT platform's data storage component is the fourth component that allows for the management of sensor data. ...
Solar panels, wind farms, batteries, and power transformers are among the several types of distributed energy resources used in today's power system. Data connections and IoT sensors are common features of DERs, and they create a lot of data. These data may be used to increase system efficiency as well as create extra values, in addition to monitoring device status. In this study, we look at the technical benefits of AI algorithms on the expanding DER data. First, we attempted to demonstrate how artificial intelligence and the internet of things may help renewable energy systems function better. Second, AIoT (Artificial Intelligence Internet of Things) is introduced as a new sector following IoT technology. AIoT (Artificial Intelligence Internet of Things) are new technologies that combine AI with IoT to provide new opportunities in the distributed energy resources (DER) industry. Finally, this article concentrates on AIoT applications in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind.
