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Growth index of tomato and chili pepper plants measured at 50% shadecloth, 70% shadecloth, and full sun from May to Aug. 2014. Means with same lowercase letters on the same date are not significantly different among treatments by Tukey's honest significant difference multiple comparison at P < 0.05; 1 cm = 0.3937 inch.
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Southern U.S. states such as Texas experience high temperatures and intense solar radiation during the summer production season. Use of shadecloth is common in Spain and other Mediterranean countries and is becoming popular with homeowners or small-acreage farmers in Texas. Little information is available on the applicability of using shadecloth on...
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... fruit Shoot fresh wt (g) Shoot dry wt (g) Fruit (no.) Fresh wt (g) z Avg fresh wt (g) Fruit (no.) Fresh wt (g) and that red screen had higher yields than blue screen. However, the au- thors observed that fruit weight was higher in blue screen than red and field conditions which did not differ. In our trial, black shadecloth at 50% resulted in similar yields to full sun conditions. It appears that shadecloth color plays an important role on yield, not just the shade rating. Tomato and chili pepper plants grown in full sun generally had the lowest growth index throughout the growing season compared with the two shade treatments (Fig. 2). No difference in growth index was found for tomato plants between the two shade treatments. Similar results were observed for chili plants in growth index after 24 June. By 1 July when measurements for tomato plants were ended, plants were 95 and 92 cm in height for 50% and 70% shade treat- ments, respectively, compared with 73 cm for those in full sun. On the other hand, chili pepper plants grown in full sun averaged 60 cm in height by 14 Aug. compared with 73 and 70 cm for 50% and 70% shade treatments, respectively. Both tomato and chili pepper plants had the highest growth index with 50% shade, the lowest with full sun, and an intermediate growth index with 70% ...
Citations
... Daun kemudian saling ternaungi, menyebabkan berkurangnya luas daun yang dapat mengintersepsi sinar matahari, sehingga laju akumulasi akan berkurang dan LAB menurun. Hal ini selaras dengan Masabni et al., (2016) yang menuturkan bahwa laju asimilasi bersih lebih rendah pada tahap generatif, walaupun luas daun meningkat. ...
Red chili (Capsicum annum L.) is one of the important horticultural crops, yet its productivity is still relatively low. This study aims to determine the productivity of red chili improvement through the use of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer. The factorial randomized group design (RAK) experimental design with 2 factors and 3 replicates (10 plants for each replicate) was used in this research. Factor I consisted of four doses of inorganic fertilizer (K), namely: 200 kg/ha (k1), 300 kg/ha (k2), 400 kg/ha (k3), 500 kg/ha (k4). Factor II consists of four concentrations of biological fertilizer (H), namely: 10 ml/L (h1), 20 ml/L (h2), 30 ml/L (h3), 40 ml/L (h4). The results showed that there was no interaction effect between the use of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and the concentration of biofertilizer (M-Bio) on fruit weight per plant (g/plant) and fruit yield per hectare (t/Ha). However, the single use of biofertilizer with a concentration of 20 ml/L significantly increased the productivity of fruit weight (555.75 g/plant or 14.81 t/Ha). Biofertilizers such as phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria can increase the availability of macro and micro nutrients in the soil and the productivity of chili significantly. The use of biofertilizers has the benefit of reducing farmers' dependence on inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, the use of a combination of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer not only can be a good alternative to increase the productivity of red chili effectively and sustainably, but also to reduce the negative impact of using inorganic fertilizer on the environment.
... • Positive or insignificant effects on plant growth and yield seen for taro [108,130,80,131,86,87], cocoyam [132], yam [130,133,134] • Negative effects on tannia [108], yam [108], some crop yield loss according to [18] treenuts almond, brazilnut, cashew, chestnut, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut L Average plant height is too high for agrivoltaics, but may work with seedlings as in oil palm in Table 1 Page 8 of 27 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT -ERL-115278.R2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t [18], sweet potato [135,136,137,108,105], chilli [138], tomato [139], eggplant [86] • Effects of shading are positive or not significant for lettuce [140], cucumber [140], spinach [83], salad [83], tomato [13,141,142], coffee [13,143], sweet pepper [13,18], squash [18], bell pepper [18,144], olive [145], chilli pepper [142,86,80], cacao [146], vanilla [147], eggplant [80], cowpea [148] • Existing projects [13] for tomato, watermelon, eggplant, cabbage, cucumber, celery ...
... • Positive or insignificant effects on plant growth and yield seen for taro [108,130,80,131,86,87], cocoyam [132], yam [130,133,134] • Negative effects on tannia [108], yam [108], some crop yield loss according to [18] treenuts almond, brazilnut, cashew, chestnut, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut L Average plant height is too high for agrivoltaics, but may work with seedlings as in oil palm in Table 1 Page 8 of 27 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT -ERL-115278.R2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t [18], sweet potato [135,136,137,108,105], chilli [138], tomato [139], eggplant [86] • Effects of shading are positive or not significant for lettuce [140], cucumber [140], spinach [83], salad [83], tomato [13,141,142], coffee [13,143], sweet pepper [13,18], squash [18], bell pepper [18,144], olive [145], chilli pepper [142,86,80], cacao [146], vanilla [147], eggplant [80], cowpea [148] • Existing projects [13] for tomato, watermelon, eggplant, cabbage, cucumber, celery ...
The utilization of cropland and rooftops for solar photovoltaics (PV) installation holds significant potential for enhancing global renewable energy capacity with the advantage of dual land-use. This study focuses on estimating the global area suitable for agrivoltaics (PV over crops) and rooftop PV by employing open-access data, existing literature and simple numerical methods in a high spatial resolution of 10 km x 10 km. For agrivoltaics, the suitability is assessed with a systematic literature review on crop-dependent feasibility and profitability, especially for 18 major crops of the world. For rooftop PV, a non-linear curve-fitting method is developed, using the urban land cover to calculate the PV-suitable built-up areas. This method is then verified by comparing the results with open access building footprints. The spatially resolved suitability assessment unveils 4.64 million km2 of global PV-usable cropland corresponding to a geographic potential of about 217 Terawatts (TW) in an optimistic scenario and 0.21 million km2 of rooftop-PV suitable area accounting for about 30.5 TW maximum installable power capacity. The estimated suitable area offers a vast playground for energy system analysts to undertake techno-economic assessments, and for technology modellers and policy makers to promote PV implementation globally with the vision of net-zero emissions in the future.
... Although sufficient light intensity is essential for photosynthesis, certain plants require proper cultivation methods to enhance their growth, such as using shading treatment. Shading was shown to reduce microclimate, radiation, temperature, and absorption of water and nutrients (Semchenko et al., 2012;Masabni et al., 2016;Arevalo-Gardini et al., 2021). Fan et al. (2018) reported that under the full intensity of light, corn showed higher biomass productivity than with shading treatment. ...
Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. F.) is a shrub used in herbal medicine, but knowledge of optimal cultivation methods for enhancing plant growth and metabolite yield is limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of shading and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and total sugar content of gandarusa. A split-plot experimental design was used with shading (S) (0% (S0), 25% (S25), and 50% (S50)) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer (N) (0 (N0), 90 (N90), 180 (N180), and 270 (N270) kg ha-1) as the subplots. The results showed that the combination of S0 and N270 was the most effective treatment for plant growth, indicated by the highest values of plant height and the number of leaves and branches. It also yielded high sugar content, with a value range of 72-76 mg g-1 leaves wet weight. The combination of S0 and N0 produced the highest photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the plant at 23.91 mol CO2 m-2 s-1, and total chlorophyll content was highest with S25 and N270. Based on the results, shading decreased Pn, sugar production, and growth of gandarusa, while nitrogen fertilizer enhanced them. However, there was no interaction between shading and fertilizer on sugar production and growth of gandarusa, except for Pn.
... When plants suffer from extremely high air temperature and low humidity under an open field without protection, it could harm the plants' biochemical and physiological functions [42,43]. Some research stated that tomato photoinhibition can happen between 30 and 40 • C and elevated radiation can occur between 1500 and 1800 mol m −2 s −1 [44,45]. The damage in physiological and biochemical processes could be attributed to the correlation between high temperature and accelerated senescence [46]. ...
Global warming is by far the most significant issue caused by climate change. Over the past few decades, heat stress has intensified into a serious issue that has a negative impact on crop production. Hence, it is crucial to modify cultivation systems to cope with this kind of stress, particularly in arid dry regions. In comparison to open-field cultivation, tomato production under protected cultivation techniques in walk-in tunnels that are suited for different farmers' financial abilities was evaluated during the late summer season. The studied tunnels included a shaded net tunnel with natural ventilation, net tunnel with a fogging system and plastic tunnel with evaporative cooling (wet pad and fans). For the operation of fogging and evaporative cooling systems, solar energy was used as a sustainable, eco-friendly energy source. The results indicated that the solar energy system successfully operated the studied cooling systems. All studied protective cultivation techniques mitigated heat stress on tomato plant and improved the microclimate under walk-in tunnels. Moreover, evaporative cooling and fogging systems significantly increased plant leaf area, cell membrane efficiency and the contents of chlorophyll, relative water and proline compared to the net tunnel with natural ventilation. Furthermore, a marked reduction in physiological disorders was noticed. Improved physiological and biochemical parameters and limited physiological diseases led to higher fruit set, marketable fruit yield and total productivity. The percentage of marketable fruit yield increased by around 31.5% with an evaporative cooling system, 28.8% with a fogging system and 17% with a shaded net tunnel with no positive cooling as compared to an open field. However, the plants grown in open-field cultivation without protection significantly deteriorated from heat stress and had a high incidence of physiological disorders. The most incident physiological disorders were blossom-end rot, cracking, internal white tissues, sunscald, puffiness, blotchy ripening, cat face and exserted stigma. It is recommended to use a solar energy system to modify microclimate conditions through fogging or evaporative cooling under walk-in tunnels to ameliorate heat stress on grown tomato in the late summer season for higher fruit yield and fewer physiological disorders.
... More light typically corresponds to higher levels of photosynthesis. However, certain plant species can effectively withstand minimal solar radiation [33]. In fact, shade-loving plants produce a more significant yield when grown under reduced light than in full sunlight. ...
This study analyses the local microclimate information to discover the ideal Agrivoltaic system tilt-orientation angles and the influence of crops on energy production. The study’s objectives are twofold:(1) to provide a comprehensive method for determining the ideal tilt-orientation angles of PV modules that would both match the demands of crop-light requirements and optimize the energy output, and (2) to develop a mathematical model that considers the integration of crops within the AVS when projecting energy output. The simulation utilized a mix of PV tilt angle 0°-90° with orientation 0°-359° and hourly local meteorological data over one year. The study’s findings showed that local microclimate data can be used to anticipate the tilt-orientation angle of PV modules to fulfil crop-light demand. The maximum solar irradiance collected on the PV module is 1819 kW/m
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/year at a tilt angle of 8° and orientation of 187°. In comparison, 40.92% of light reduction is observed below the same combination. Furthermore, it was discovered that cultivation of
Andrographis paniculata
using the same combination produced higher yields than cultivation in open areas. Next, AVS installation also reduces the temperature of the PV module by 1.28 °C and increases the efficiency of the PV module by approximately 0.82%. Following that, the LER value for AVS recorded at 2.17. In conclusion, this AVS model offer enormous potential to predict ideal PV tilt-orientation and assessing the effect of crops on energy output.
... The finding agreed with Law-Ogbomo and Osaigbovo [24] and Okoli and Nweke [26] that cucumber branches per plant increase with an increasing rate of poultry manure. The findings concord with the previous research findings that cucumber grown in an open condition produced a greater number of branches than those grown in a shaded environment [19,20,27]. ...
... The result showed that cucumber crops grown in open condition did better in terms of number of leaves when treated with 2 t/ha poultry manure when comparing it with the shaded condition. This affirmed Masabni, et al.[20] and Torres-Olivar, et al.[21] findings that cucumber crops grown under open field had the highest number of leaves per plant, plant fresh and dry weight when compared with the ones grown under shaded condition. ...
There is high demand for cucumber because of its nutritional and medicinal implications. Despite the several benefits of the crop, there is little information on the agronomic performance of the crop in open and shaded conditions using different rates of poultry manure in south east Nigeria. The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different rates of poultry manure on the growth and yield of cucumber in open and shaded conditions. This research was conducted in the research farm of the Agricultural Education Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The experiment was laid out using RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) and replicated three times for both the open and shaded conditions. The poultry manure treatments applied were 0, 2 and 4ton/ha and data for the growth parameters were recorded on the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after planting (WAP) while data on yield parameters were taken at harvest. The results indicated that cucumber planted under open system had the highest number of leaves, branches, stem girth, number of flowers, number of fruits and weight of fruits per plant when treated with 2ton/ha of poultry manure in comparison with 0ton/ha and 4ton/ha treatments under shaded system. The researchers therefore concluded that farmers in the study area can grow cucumbers in an open field with 2ton/ha poultry manure for optimal growth and yield of the crop.
... Apparently, this is a contradiction. However, as demonstrated by several authors previously, an increase in light intensity resulted in an increase of biomass and yield only up to a critical threshold, whereas it decreased plant height in many crops, including tomato seedlings (Huber et al., 2021), wheat (Monostori et al., 2018), and chilli (Masabni et al., 2016). The details also showed that the utilised photosynthetic energy was distributed unequally between green mass and yield production. ...
... For instance, doubling the light intensity from 250 to 500 µmol m −2 s −1 resulted in a 1.25-fold increase of green mass and a 1.5-fold increase of yield in wheat (Monostori et al., 2018). In chilli plants, growth at high light intensity did not result in elevated shoot mass as compared to moderate light intensity, whereas yield increased (Masabni et al., 2016). These results are in accordance with the present observations, indicating that when more energy is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments, the energy can be more efficiently converted into yield production. ...
Chili is widely used as a food additive and a flavouring and colouring agent and also has great importance in health preservation and therapy due to the abundant presence of many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and capsaicinoids. Most of these secondary metabolites are strong antioxidants. In the present study, the effect of light intensity and spectral composition was studied on the growth, flowering, and yield of chilli together with the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the fruit. Two light intensities (300 and 500 μmol m–2 s–1) were applied in different spectral compositions. A broad white LED spectrum with and without FR application and with blue LED supplement was compared to blue and red LED lightings in different (80/20 and 95/5%) blue/red ratios. High light intensity increased the harvest index (fruit yield vs. biomass production) and reduced the flowering time of the plants. The amount of secondary metabolites in the fruit varied both by light intensity and spectral compositions; phenolic content and the radical scavenging activity were stimulated, whereas capsaicin accumulation was suppressed by blue light. The red colour of the fruit (provided by carotenoids) was inversely correlated with the absolute amount of blue, green, and far-red light. Based on the results, a schematic model was created, representing light-dependent metabolic changes in chilli. The results indicated that the accumulation of secondary metabolites could be modified by the adjustment of light intensity and spectral composition; however, different types of metabolites required different light environments.
... This phenomenon results in a reduction of the accumulation rate, thereby decreasing NAR. This condition is by Masabni et al. [28] that the leaf area increases, the NAR is lower at the generative stage. Still, a high rate of photosynthesis and the assimilation activity decreases. ...
... Photosynthesis limits growth at warm temperatures and decreases with temperature. Tomato photoinhibition can occur at 30-40 • C and high radiation levels (1500-1800 mol m −2 s −1 ) [40][41][42]. ...
The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of different evaporative cooling systems compared to natural ventilation on the microclimate, photosynthetic activity and yield of a tomato crop (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) in a spring-summer cycle. In this study, the expenditure of electricity and water caused by the different refrigeration systems and their economic cost was analysed. The study was carried out in three multi-span greenhouses: (i) a greenhouse with evaporative pads and fans and natural ventilation (PS+NV); (ii) a greenhouse with a fog system and natural ventilation (FS+NV); (iii) a greenhouse only with natural ventilation (NV). The photosynthetic activity was higher in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (14.7 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1) than in the greenhouse with the pad-fan system (14.6 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1; without a statistically significant difference) and in the greenhouse with fog system (13.4 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1; with a statistically significant difference). The production was higher in the greenhouse with the pad-fan system (5.0 kg m–2) than in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (4.8 kg m–2; without a statistically significant difference) and in the greenhouse with a fog system (4.5 kg m–2; with a statistically significant difference). In general, photosynthetic activity and crop production increased as the maximum temperature (and the number of hours of exposure to high temperatures) decreased. It has been observed that the improvement in temperature conditions inside the greenhouses in spring-summer cycles produces increases in the photosynthetic activity of the tomato crop and, consequently, growth in production. The energy and water consumption derived from the use of active-type cooling systems have not been offset by a representative improvement in photosynthetic activity or crop production.
... Such shade treatment is expected to become more important in greenhouse horticulture, as global warming is rapidly progressing (Bisbis et al., 2019). An obvious drawback of these shade nets is the reduction in PAR and A c (Hern andez et al., 2015(Hern andez et al., , 2019Kitta and Katsoulas, 2020;L opez-Mar ın et al., 2012;Masabni et al., 2016). Because A c is closely related to crop yield, inappropriate use of shade nets may result in reduced crop yield. ...
In horticultural greenhouses, the photosynthetic photon flux density (I) is inevitably lower than that outside because of interference from greenhouse superstructures (e.g., reflection and absorption of radiation by greenhouse coverings and superstructures). In addition, during hot seasons in many regions, I can be lowered by shade nets installed to reduce excessive radiation. These reductions in I can cause a decrease in the canopy photosynthetic rate (Ac), potentially leading to crop yield losses. This study investigated to what extent Ac is reduced inside a modern greenhouse and under a shade net in comparison with that outside. A simple Ac model (i.e., canopy-scale photosynthesis-light curves) was parameterized based on the measurements of Ac and I for paprika and tomato canopies using the open-chamber method. In addition, based on the measurements of I, linear regression models were derived that related outside I (Iout) with I inside arch-roofed, single-span greenhouses [enveloped with a diffuse ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) film; Iin] and I under shade nets (composed of aluminum and polyester strips; Ish). An Ac simulation using these models indicated that on a typical sunny summer day in Japan, Ac inside the greenhouses and under the shade
nets (Ac,in and Ac,sh, respectively) corresponded to 91% and 52% of Ac outside (Ac,out) for the paprika canopy (for the tomato canopy, Ac,in and Ac,sh corresponded to 90% and 48% of Ac,out, respectively). The simulated Ac loss was more serious on a cloudy day because of the linear Ac-I response under low I conditions (Ac,in/Ac,out and Ac,sh/Ac,out were 69% and 13%, respectively, for the paprika canopy). The loss of Ac,sh may be alleviated by limiting the shading period to only midday hours.
