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Graphical representation of assessment of resilience to a stressor. Adapted from Mugume et al. (2015).

Graphical representation of assessment of resilience to a stressor. Adapted from Mugume et al. (2015).

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Government bodies, utilities, practitioners, and researchers have growing interest in the incorporation of resilience into wastewater management. Since resilience is a multidisciplinary term, it is important to review what has been achieved in the wastewater sector, and describe the future research directions for the forthcoming years. This work pr...

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... the affected processes of the plant are studied, and their dynamics modelled under a range of scenarios. Metrics which contribute to resilience assessment are loss of functionality (considered a measure of robustness), and recovery time (rapidity). This approach can be expressed mathematically in Eq. (1), which has in turn been illustrated in Fig. 4. It has been adapted and put into practice by 6 studies in the literature ...
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... to assess the cost-function of an intervention to build resilience, and further evaluation by means of multiobjective visualization tools. This approach can be extrapolated to balance the cost/value between resilience implementation with other ob- jectives in a project, such as reliability in this case. Ning et al. (2013) use the approach in Fig. 4 to calculate the resilience of an urban wastewater system, with a focus on urban drainage, against long-term changes of chronic stressors. Resilience is calculated by the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and empirical models based on land-use to monitor pollution levels under a range of future urban development scenarios. Two ...
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... the threshold amount of pollutants to achieve the maximum requirement of the environmental constraint; DL refers to the designed load of a WRRF; DP in * and DR in * represent the maximum quantity of domestic wastewater and urban runoff, respectively. Also on sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), Mugume et al. (2014) applies this methodology (Fig. 4.) using as the main indicators flood intensity and duration. The model is a combination of a linked network and the previous SWMM. In a second study (Mugume et al., 2015), the model is run across a range of scenarios to benchmark interventions for SUDS resilience to floods. At a smaller scale, Mabrouk et al. (2010) applies this it at ...
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... main drawback of the approach presented in Fig. 4, is that it requires a physical characterisation and accurate knowledge of the process dynamics of the system. An alternative to this method is statistical modelling. Weirich et al. (2015) used a statistical approach based on a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) for predictive modelling of WRRF performance. It uses pollutant concentrations ...

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... Sustainability 2025, 17, 172 3 of 23 events, like service disruptions, acute and chronic stressors, random failures and targeted destruction, and weather disruptions [60][61][62][63]. ...
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Climate change is inevitable and intensifying. The consequences are particularly severe for urban areas, which are becoming increasingly populated. This has resulted in the necessity to analyze the effects of climate change on the functioning of urban areas and build and plan strategies for strengthening the resilience of cities and their infrastructures and for predicting climate change and the threats associated with it. This study proposes a multi-criteria model for analyzing and assessing the risk arising from climate change to urban areas by determining the probability of the occurrence of various threats and their potential consequences for urbanization. The model takes into account the exposure and vulnerability of assets, systems, infrastructure, and communities to the significant consequences of climate change and the occurrence of hazardous events. Bayesian probability theory was proposed to predict the probability of hazardous event occurrence, taking into account climate change and the statistical uncertainty in estimating extreme hazard impacts. The proposed model allows us to include vulnerability drivers and resilience factors and their effect on the functioning of a city and its critical infrastructures and, consequently, the lives and well-being of residents. The model can be applied to risk management and planning strategies for urban resilience strengthening.
... Este ritmo de desplazamiento de lo rural hacia lo urbano, presenta retos no solo en materia de vivienda y transporte sino también en servicios básicos e infraestructura [2] [3]. La magnitud de esta problemática representa un desafío urbanístico al desarrollo tradicional, ya que se produce una presión insostenible sobre los recursos naturales, como el agua y el suelo [4], la calidad de aire, los alimentos . En la ciudad, en términos generales, una persona requiere como mínimo 30 m 2 de espacio habitacional y consume al menos 80 litros diarios de agua [5] [6]. ...
... Por lo tanto, los riesgos de desastres suponen un desafío para muchas ciudades ubicadas, principalmente, en zonas costeras y en llanuras de inundación [7]. Solo en China, aproximadamente, 32 millones de personas son afectadas, anualmente, por inundaciones en los periodos que comprenden entre junio y julio [6] [3] [4]. Se estima que cerca de 500 millones de personas son vulnerables a efectos directos del cambio climático [3]. ...
... Por otro lado, las medias estructurales son aquellas que a priori requieren elementos constructivos y de modificación del paisaje urbanístico; estas medidas manejan la escorrentía superficial en función de la calidad y cantidad del agua, así como la modificación del paisaje [3] [9] [10] [4] [13] [1]. Las principales medidas estructurales son: el establecimiento de cubiertas vegetadas, el uso de pavimentos permeables, zanjas de infiltración, drenes filtrantes, jardines de lluvia, cunetas vegetadas, trampas de tormenta, tanques de almacenamiento y retención, lagunas de retardo, y humedales artificiales. ...
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El presente trabajo surgió de la necesidad de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre infraestructura verde para el control de escorrentía, siendo que en el ámbito de la construcción verde y sostenible, es muy necesario disponer de información validada de los beneficios de este tipo de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza. Para la comunidad científica es muy valioso conocer las nuevas tendencias, las diferentes tipologías y las soluciones que pueden ser implementadas en el trópico americano o bien los vació de información científica como punto de partida de nuevos procesos de investigación y desarrollo. Como abordaje metodológico se analizaron bases de datos de Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando 1138 publicaciones científicas de todas ellas no se registró ni una sola publicación en otro idioma que no fuera inglés o chino mandarín esto por medio del paquete Bibliometrix de R. Los principales resultados obtenidos en este trabajo fueron los siguientes, eficiencia en la combinación de diferentes tipologías, falta de investigación registrada en las bases de datos consultadas para la Latinoamérica, existencia de autores de origen latinoamericano sin embargo sus investigaciones son en otras latitudes. Como conclusión general se requiere más investigación desde la región latinoamericana en idioma inglés dentro de las bases de datos más importantes.
... For urban drainage systems (UDSs) to be able to face emerging threats of the 21st century, such as climate change, population and urban growth and weak governance, resilience should be involved in their planning, design, construction and operation (Butler et al. 2014;Juan-García et al. 2017). A change in urban water management is necessary to improve the sustainability of the UDSs, with comprehensive consideration given to environmental, economic and social aspects (Galvis et al. 2014). ...
... Recent studies have shown significant progress towards understanding and assessing resilience (Hosseini, Barker, and Ramirez-Marquez 2016;Mottahedi et al. 2021). However, as shown in Table 1, few conceptual frameworks have focused on the development of methodologies that can analyse resilience in UDSs, thus indicating that this concept requires further research (Juan-García et al. 2017;van Duin et al. 2021). ...
... Clearly, new frameworks are needed that can analyse resilience, which is key to sustainability, thus allowing policymakers and decision-makers to have adequate tools for managing UDSs (Suárez et al. 2016). In this sense, a comprehensive approach to ER and SER can contribute to a holistic analysis of UDSs resilience and help guarantee their sustainability (Beccari 2016;Folke 2006;Juan-García et al. 2017). ...
Article
Resilience contributes to improving the sustainability of urban drainage systems (UDSs), which has recently begun to be considered in UDS management, but generally as engineering (ER) or as socio-ecological (SER) resilience separately. This article proposes and discusses a conceptual framework that can analyse ER and SER through a comprehensive resilience (CR) index in a UDS with a focus on floods, considering national and international experiences and methodologies related to resilience analyses and is applicable to UDSs. The framework was evaluated in the Southern Drainage System (SDS) of the city of Cali, Colombia, obtaining moderate values of ER and the CR index, and low values of SER. The drainage areas and infrastructure components of the SDS were hydrodynamically modelled in the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). This conceptual framework can be useful for decision-makers in UDSs management and should be evaluated considering different threat scenarios and mitigation strategies.
... LCAs can be used to measure the potential environmental impacts of a system (i.e., environmental sustainability) Bocchini et al. 2014). Juan-Garcia et al. (2017) conducted a comprehensive literature review and found that only 17 peer reviewed papers and six technical reports directly assessed resilience related to wastewater systems. This represents a small portion of the overall literature related to resilient infrastructure or wastewater treatment systems. ...
... Out of the 23 studies found, only five studied acute events such as flooding. Additionally, Juan-Garcia et al. (2017) pointed out that reflective studies (i.e., using past experience to inform future decisions) are entirely missing from literature, which can hinder practical application. ...
... Tables S1-S3 contain a detailed data inventory for one of the 10 reflective case studies to provide an example of how the detailed data was collected and entered into the life cycle assessment software, as well as to show the type of data that was collected for each case study. In addition, the Supplemental Materials include a brief description of the data collection process for obtaining reflective case study data, as this is a highly desired, but rare practice in related research (Juan-Garcia et al. 2017). This information is provided so other researchers can calibrate theoretical models with these case studies or use the case studies to improve practical application of research and encourage implementation of recommendations. ...
... The performancebased resilience is typically defined as 'the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events' (Tran et al., 2017). A resilience framework integrates drivers of change (stressors) with resilience metrics based on performance indicators, resulting in developing different interventions for resilience improvement (Juan-García et al., 2017). There is extensive literature focused on resilience assessment of specific subsystems of the water cycle, including water supply networks (Milman and Short, 2008) and wastewater systems , as well as analysis of water resources (Roach et al., 2018a), urban , rural and catchment management (Bouziotas et al., 2023). ...
Article
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The integrated water systems (IWSs) concept involves managing water quantity and quality through dynamic interactions. This paper reviews the terrestrial water cycle, focusing on resilience and adaptive planning (AP) approaches within IWSs. We examine how integrating these approaches can improve IWS management and planning, addressing their inherent complexities. Using a performance-based resilience definition, we consider the system’s ability to absorb, recover from and adapt to adverse events. The AP focuses on flexible management pathways for uncertain future conditions. Although both resilience and AP aim to enhance water system performance and address uncertainties, they differ in their assessment and implementation approaches. We propose an Adaptive Resilience Planning (ARP) framework that merges both approaches. The ARP uses resilience metrics for performance assessment and incorporates AP’s methods for conceptualising uncertainties and optimising management portfolios. Implementing the ARP framework raises four research questions: (1) holistic characterisation of uncertainties and options in IWSs, (2) using resilience metrics for IWS adaptation, (3) balancing trade-offs among management goals through optimal portfolio selection and (4) monitoring portfolio performance and uncertainties for informed adaptation. The ARP framework offers a structured method for dynamic and adaptive resilience planning, enhancing IWS management’s responsiveness to evolving challenges.
... The individual definitions focus on different temporal sequences. As Juan-Garcia et al. [10] points out, most definitions of resilience in the water sector leave out the reflective, inclusive and integrated character of resilience definitions from other sectors [10]. around 140 WWTP in different areas in Germany with WWTP of different capacities (population equivalent in total over 15 million) [7]. ...
... The individual definitions focus on different temporal sequences. As Juan-Garcia et al. [10] points out, most definitions of resilience in the water sector leave out the reflective, inclusive and integrated character of resilience definitions from other sectors [10]. around 140 WWTP in different areas in Germany with WWTP of different capacities (population equivalent in total over 15 million) [7]. ...
... Resilience is a multidisciplinary term and rose to become a guiding principle in the last few years [8]. Even though the term resilience has been used in the water sector for quite a while, e.g., [9], there are several uses of the term without a clear definition [10]. Resilience was originally a concept to help understand the capacity of ecosystems under stress and their ability to adapt to the stress and enter a new stable state [10,11]. ...
Article
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To combat new threats to critical infrastructure, the European Union enacted new regulations for their member states. With the directive on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity (NIS2) and the directive on critical infrastructure resilience (EU RCE), EU member states must identify critical infrastructure (CIs) and enable measures to reduce the risk of default in stress situations. The topic of resilience in urban water systems has already been of interest in previous research. However, there are still open questions. As it is a multidisciplinary term, understanding resilience and its adaptation into management systems is not an easy task for practitioners. This study will provide an overview of resilience within the framework of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and show the current situation of existing implementation of safety and security regulations, taking Germany as an example. One of the main requirements of the EU RCE is a risk assessment (RA) for CIs. Until now, risk analysis for WWTP in research was mostly carried out for individual WWTP. By applying guidelines from the drinking water sector, this paper shows a possible methodology for a risk analysis. This paper aims to support practitioners by forming a common understanding of resilience and risk as well as providing an example for a risk analysis.
... Urban Resilience emphasizes the ability of urban systems to withstand and adapt to environmental and social changes [21]. This theory is advantageous for shaping urban policies that prioritize adaptability in the face of climate change and other environmental challenges [24]. However, it has been criticized for occasionally having a narrow focus that may neglect the broader economic dimensions of sustainability [25]. ...
Article
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The importance of metropolitan governance and stakeholder collaboration in sustainable urban development (SUD) is well recognized. However, collaboration among stakeholders is dynamic, and the relationship between metropolitan governance and stakeholder dynamics, including value co-creation and conflict, remains underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining the causal relationships among metropolitan governance, stakeholder value co-creation and conflict through the lens of the triple bottom line (TBL) of sustainability. Using a questionnaire survey, this study collected 467 valid responses through a combination of probability and quota sampling and analyzed the data using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that stakeholder value co-creation is positively influenced by TBL dimensions and metropolitan governance, thereby simultaneously promoting SUD and generating potential conflicts that constrain SUD. The study further evaluated the effectiveness of stakeholder value co-creation as a mediating variable and found that it has a unique suppressing effect on the relationship between environmental sustainability and conflict. The findings suggested that environmental sustainability-driven governance initiatives are crucial to containing conflict and fostering value co-creation among stakeholders. Theoretically, this study enriches the discourse on SUD literature by quantifying the interactions between TBL, metropolitan governance and stakeholder dynamics. Practically, it provides certain implications for relevant practitioners by proposing an argument that governance initiatives can be aligned with the shifting priorities toward environmental sustainability.
... Usually, the UWC includes external water inputs from larger river basin resources. In In general, UWS resilience refers to the system's ability to anticipate variability, absorb disturbances and reduce damage, adapt to changing conditions, maintain functionality within a certain range over long periods, and recover back to acceptable functioning levels after disruptions, ensuring services now and in the future, while nature is still protected [15][16][17]. Analogous to the UWC, which can present multiple dimensions [7], resilience is multifaceted and has been referred to as having a wide variety of economic, social, organizational, environmental, and technical dimensions [18]. ...
... Thus, a full understanding of scale interactions and trade-offs can help optimize UWS design to enhance resilience properties. The definition of suitability recommendations for In general, UWS resilience refers to the system's ability to anticipate variability, absorb disturbances and reduce damage, adapt to changing conditions, maintain functionality within a certain range over long periods, and recover back to acceptable functioning levels after disruptions, ensuring services now and in the future, while nature is still protected [15][16][17]. Analogous to the UWC, which can present multiple dimensions [7], resilience is multifaceted and has been referred to as having a wide variety of economic, social, organizational, environmental, and technical dimensions [18]. ...
Article
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Climate change severely affects urban water systems (UWSs). Infrastructure historically designed for milder conditions cannot manage growing water demands and extreme events. To obtain a resilient water sector, adaptation and mitigation strategies must address rising water challenges while striving for net-zero emissions. Researchers have noted that extreme decentralization is positively associated with closing cycles while reducing transport costs. However, part of the scientific community defends centralized schemes due to economies of scale. The objective of this systematic review is to understand the trade-offs associated with the adoption of different scales at UWSs design and how this impacts system resilience. This process includes identifying different scale trade-offs and unique environmental aspects that influence the optimal scale suitability. A clear distinction was made in terms of scale concept and classification, considering different design levels. That is, considering the UWS at the city level and water management units (WMUs) at the local level. Similarly, a classification of different scales for each level, covering all water streams—supply, wastewater, and stormwater—was introduced. We defined the key environmental aspects that influence the optimal scale and location suitability: ten at the city-catchment level and eleven at the site-neighbourhood level. Scale impacts three major UWSs functionalities that have repercussions on urban resilience: net energy, net water, and ecosystem services (ES).
... This approach starts at the regional scale and acknowledges the intricate dynamics involved in understanding the resilience of water resource systems. In terms of the system dimension, Juan-García et al. (2017) characterized risks and disturbances arising from human activities and the natural environment as stressors, which are incorporated into the resilience assessment of water resource systems. Yang et al. (2021) emphasized the significance of adaptive capacity in regulating the resilience of water resource systems, suggesting a greater focus on this aspect. ...
... The Guidelines for System Risk Governance [10] issued by the International Risk Governance Center contains a supplement to risk management based on resilience. The resilience is defined as "the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events" [12]. ...
... Resilience is defined in the social-ecological systems field as: "the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and re-organize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks" [28]. In engineering systems field, the resilience is defined as "the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events" [12]. The recent debate places resilience at the core of sustainability thinking, because the system needs to become resilient to overcome future uncertainty, and regards resilience as a boundary concept in sustainability research. ...
... About project resilience, the resilience is defined as "the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events" [12]. The recent debate places resilience at the core of sustainability thinking, because the system needs to become resilient to overcome future uncertainty, and regards resilience as a boundary concept in sustainability research. ...
Conference Paper
Risk management is widely used to deal with known risks. However, it is difficult to solve unknown and unpredictable events. Resilience can effectively deal with uncertainty as a complement to risk management. However, there is a lack of cost contingency estimation from the resilience perspective. This study proposes a framework to show the relationship between risk management, resilience and cost contingency. In this framework, cost contingency is not only used to predict the known risks, but also have the ability to deal with uncertain events with quick adaptation and recovery. This study contributes a newly developed framework to estimate project cost contingency.