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Graphene is a thin layer carbon material that has become a hot topic of research during this decade due to its excellent thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, current density, electron mobility and surface area. These extraordinary properties make graphene to be developed and applied in various fields. On this basis, researchers are interested...
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... has some excellent properties to make it extremely appealing for applications in many fields such as energy, environment, future material, biomedical, and sensor, bio-sensor and heatsink ( Fig. 1). Those wide application shows that graphene has a high commercial value. Taking this into account, the commercial impact of graphene is quite likely to increase in the future. Scientists have also found a way to transform graphene from a material ideal only for fundamental studies to an engineering material, which gives further ...
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... of graphene, such as its high opacity, high chemical reaction, and unparalleled thermal conductivity, are suitable for biomedical purposes. The great functional groups of graphene, such as graphene oxide and N-graphene, are being preferred for biomedical application. These functional groups produce high and effective results. 50 As presented in Fig. 1, graphene is already used in several biomedical applications, such as diagnostic technology, 51-55 drug delivery, 56-60 therapy technology, 57,61,62 and scaffolding materials. [63][64][65][66][67] A strong reason for using graphene in biomedical purposes is due to its consistency and its ability to develop a uniform structure. The ...
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... et al. explained the mechanism of the arc discharge method to obtain graphene sheets in different atmospheres for large-scale graphene production (Fig. 10). 189 Graphene sheets were synthesized using activated carbon as an anode and cathode by arc discharge method under a mixed gases conditions where in this case, nitrogen (N 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) gases were used. The alternating current in the process causes both electrodes to react and evaporate simultaneously, thus eliminating the ...
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... different ways of further promoting graphene for mass production is presented in Fig. 11. It correlates the price of mass production toward the graphene quality obtained using various methods. The best route for graphene synthesis is using a new method, i.e. laser ablation. It opens the possibility of producing a high-quality graphene with the lowest number of defects. This method also is faster than the available method. ...
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... To put it simply, additives are typically mixed 37 to base oils to empower their lubrication performance, viscosity at high temperatures, 38 antioxidation, wear-reduction qualities, and more [ 16 18]. Conventional lubricant - 39 additives like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), molybdenum dithiocarbamate 40 (MoDTC), etc. show impressive dispersion stability and tribological behaviour, but 41 they all are not favourable due to toxicity and chemical corrosion. Recently, many 42 advance additives like nanomaterials, ionic liquids (ILs), and organic compounds, 43 have been successfully investigated and applied as alternative of conventional 44 additives [15,19]. ...
... Chemical vapor 25 deposition, arc discharge, pyrolysis and plasma synthesis. Madurani et al. [40] 26 summarised the recent progress in various graphene production methods. Authors 27 discussed major production methods of top-down and bottom-up techniques and 28 applications in detail. ...
... 38 Superior graphene's mechanical strength helps to supress the wear of contacting 39 surfaces. Graphene's mechanical behaviour were studied by Lee et al. [41], who found 40 that it is among the strongest materials ever measured. Additionally, the atomically 41 smooth characteristics of graphene and its low surface energy allow it to replace solid 42 layers that are employed to lessen the adhesion and friction of tribo-pairs [14]. ...
... The molecular descriptors for the structure of γ -Graphyne ( Figure 1) have not yet been investigated. Hence, keeping in view their important applications [52] it would be crucial to pursue a research study on the molecular descriptors of these important networks to compare and contrast the complexity of these structures to understand their physico-chemical properties better. ...
Topological indices serve as mathematical tools for characterising the molecular structure of a compound, and are useful to anticipate its properties. Actually, these are quantitative measures that can provide valuable information regarding the structure of a molecule, such as its connectivity and symmetry. By analysing these indices, researchers can make predictions about the behaviour of the molecule, such as its reactivity, solubility, and toxicity, among others. The γ-Graphyne is a fascinating carbon allotrope that has recently gained significant attention due to its unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. As a result, there has been increasing interest in exploring its potential applications in various fields of science and technology. The molecular descriptors for the characterisation of γ-Graphyne have not yet been investigated. Therefore, it is of much importance to predict its molecular topology to well understand the physicochemical properties. In this work, a graph theory-based edge partitioning technique is used to model the molecular topology of γ-Graphyne and Zigzag graphyne nanoribbon, and mathematical closed-form expressions for some of its essential degree-based molecular descriptors are derived. These computed indices have been illustrated with the help of graphical representations and numerical tables.
... In 2004, single layers of the three-dimensional structure of graphite were mechanically separated to create graphene, a monolayer of sp 2bonded carbon atoms organized in a honeycomb lattice [33]. Graphene is an excellent material for nanocomposites with high-performance and biological applications due to its extraordinarily high surface area, high aspect ratio, superb physical qualities, and biocompatibility [34]. The distribution of benzene rings inside the graphene structure affects the covalent and non-covalent bonds that are formed with the other atoms, which in turn affects how graphene behaves chemically or electrically. ...
... Accordingly, graphene has a high electrical conductivity, which is advantageous for increasing the electrical conductivity of graphene-based composites for EES. The graphene structure is altered by oxygen functional groups as a result of planar sp 2 [34]. Copyright (2020), ECS. ...
... Application of graphene in industry and research. CC-BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license was used to permit this reproduction[34] Copyright (2020), ECS. ...
Due to their exceptional thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical capabilities as well as their substantial specific surface area, graphene-based materials have gained a great deal of attention in recent years. For use in energy storage, electronics, gas sorption, separation, sensing, and catalysis, a wide range of graphene-related materials have been synthesized. Particularly, graphene has been hailed as the perfect material to advance emerging technologies. For practical applications, their high cost and low yield continue to be major obstacles. High-quality graphene is synthesized on a massive scale using a variety of methods. The design and management of the synthesis methods can be used to produce certain structural characteristics. Therefore, this review explains the several ways to make graphene. Moreover, its uses in a variety of disciplines, particularly in emerging technologies, such as energy, environment, membranes, coatings, biomedicine, and sensors have been discussed. This review article concludes by providing a succinct summary, highlighting the issues, and outlining the potential for graphene.
... Este interés se debe a las características únicas del material, tales como: excelente conductividad eléctrica, amplia superficie, dureza y gran conductividad térmica. (1) En la actualidad, por ser considerado un nanomaterial (tamaño de 50 nm), este material se ha convertido en un factor clave en el área de la nanociencia y nanotecnología, la cual ofrece un potencial para el desarrollo de materiales avanzados en diversas áreas de aplicación. En este sentido, se ha empleado para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas o eléctricas de los polímeros; y de esta manera obtener propiedades que no poseen los materiales convencionales. ...
Among the carbon-based compounds is graphene. This is an exceptional material, both from the point of view of fundamental physics research and from the point of view of its practical applications. Graphene occupies a prominent place in science, and the different research carried out is opening up new avenues for the development of functional materials. In this work, the structure of this interesting compound is analyzed. In addition, the chemical, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties are described. On the other hand, the methods used for its synthesis and the techniques used for its characterization are analyzed. Finally, its importance in the creation of new materials with improved properties is discussed, as well as its various applications in different areas of science and technology. These properties also make graphene the ideal material to be applied not only in the field of electronics, but also in medicine, pharmaceuticals, energy, among others. These properties will benefit greatly from this novel bidimensional nanomaterial.
... Bottom-up methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), epitaxial growth, and pyrolysis, are better for producing high-quality graphene with some structural defects and good electronic properties, though the amount produced is small. Defect-free, adjustable layer graphene can also be produced using bottom-up methods for special applications [41]. ...
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising route for synthesizing graphene-like carbon (GLC) structures, potentially offering a cost-effective and renewable alternative to graphene. This review paper responds to the call for highlighting the state of the art in GLC materials design and synthesis from renewable biomass microwave pyrolysis. This paper includes an introduction of the microwave pyrolysis technology, information on feedstock variability and selection, discussion on the correlation between microwave pyrolysis process conditions and pyrolyzed product characteristics, and, more importantly, a section identifying any differences between pyrolyzing feedstock using the microwave pyrolysis method vs. conventional pyrolysis method. Furthermore, this work concludes by detailing the knowledge currently missing with the recommendation for future research/innovation directions.
... The three step approach of exfoliation, intercalation, and expansion of raw graphite leading to graphene is one widely practiced approach of synthesis . The sonication and shearing energies are utilized to counter the interactive forces existing between the layers of the graphite (Atta et al. 2015, Madurani et al. 2020. The inherent problems due to the insolubility of the graphite material lead to wide thickness distribution and low exfoliation efficiency. ...
... Graphene is one of the materials, which shows excellent electrical and optical features. Graphene is a twodimensional layer [9] consisting of carbon atoms [10,11]. The carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice with a honeycomb structure [12,13], and its significant property is surface conductivity [14,15]. ...
... Then, the mixture was filtered and washed several times with 5% HCl and double distilled water. Later, the mixture was dried in a vacuum oven for 24 h to obtain graphene oxide (GO) powder [18][19][20]. The rGO was prepared by reducing GO with sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) (Figure 1b). ...
Industrialization has led to an increasing need for specific and selective gas sensors in the past few decades. Environmental monitoring of certain volatile compounds such as ammonia is necessary. Advancements in the food storage sector have created the need for cheap and effective amine chemosensors. Classical chemosensors still face several issues, such as a lack of selectivity and low sensitivity toward ammonia and amines. Sensitivity is defined as the relative change in response expressed in percentage. In this work, we have resolved a few issues associated with the ammonia and amine sensors, such as low selectivity, long-term instability, and unreliability under higher temperatures using plasma-polymerized thiophene (PPTh) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite films. PPTh films were prepared using RF plasma polymerization with optimized deposition parameters. Several samples were evaluated for their sensing response to understand the optimal PPTh and rGO ratio in the PPTh-rGO composite. These composite PPTh-rGO films have shown 4 times higher sensitivity for ammonia/amines than individual PPTh and rGO films. Ammonia, methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) were primary analytes and tested for sensing response of the PPTh-rGO composite. The sensitivity measured ranges from 1328 for trimethylamine to 2354 for methylamine at 1000 ppm. The order of sensitivity was found to be MA > Ammonia > DMA > TMA. Polymer swelling, reduced charge carriers, and disruption of conductive pathways can explain possible sensing mechanisms. PPTh-rGO composite films have shown selectivity as high as 110 for ammonia/amine over other commonly used volatile organic compounds. The sensing response of these films is stable for any temperature fluctuations from 30 °C to 150 °C. Additionally, films showed stable sensitivity for over 4 months. Thus, composite films of PPTh-rGO can be effectively used to develop highly selective and stable gas sensors for the environmental monitoring of ammonia/amines.
... Graphene, the firstly discovered 2D material, has been extensively studied and applied to versatile optical and electronic devices because of its exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity with flexibility. [34][35][36] Black phosphorous (BP) is an emerging 2D material that has distinctive material properties, which include not only high conductivity and carrier mobility but also tunable direct band-gap, unlike graphene. This tunable band-gap of BP enables a wide range of devices applications. ...
... 166,167 From the series of studies on ECE, it was found that the sonication-assisted ECE approach can improve the graphene quality and minimize defects under high temperature and ultrasonic waves, becoming the commonly used approach in science and industrial fields. 34 Laser ablation is an emerging top-down method, having strong advantages in that the process is environmentally friendly, stable, patternable, and applicable on flexible substrates without the usage of harmful reactants. Since the first demonstration of graphene synthesis by laser ablation on polymer film reported by J. Lin et al., 168 laser-ablation synthesis methods using various sources such as wood, 169 cork, 170 and paper, 171 and a wide range of lasers such as UV 172 or Vis radiation, 173 have been reported. ...
Flexible optoelectronics have attracted much attention in recent years for their potential applications in healthcare and wearable devices. Narrow bandgap (NBG) semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs) are promising candidates for flexible near-infrared...
... CVD methods such as thermal CVD and plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) are unique because of producing uniform layer of thermally-chemically catalyzed carbon atoms that can be deposited onto metal surfaces and also can be transferred over a wide range of substrates [82]. But the C/ H ratio, substrate quality, temperature, pressure and oxygen on the substrate surface also affect the process of graphene synthesis when using the CVD methods [83]. Thus, optimization process of the size and quality of graphene product by CVD methods is usually very difficult due to the numerous interdependent parameters in this method. ...
... Arc discharge is a relatively costeffective and environmentally friendly method for graphene synthesis. It was reported that this method produces less defective graphene and graphene produced by this method is good for making electrodes in various devices and further the obtained graphene is a suitable choice for an electric charger used for conducting composite materials [83]. However, like all synthesis methods, arc-discharge method is not for large production, and further the product may contain impurities. ...
... Yet, the success of this approach demands control over several laser parameters during the synthesis process to produce graphene of high quality such as fluence laser, wavelength, repetition rate and pulse duration. Further parameters to be controlled are the gas background, pressure background, the distance of substrate, substrate temperature and also the selection of substrate further influences the product quality [83]. ...
Nowadays, cancer is increasingly becoming one of the foremost threats to human being life worldwide, and diagnosing this deadly disease is one of the major priorities of researchers. Described as a monolayer-thin-sheet of hexagonally patterned carbon atoms, ‘graphene’ is considered an innovative evergreen carbon material ideal for a wide array of sensing applications and nanotechnologies. Graphene-based materials have acquired a huge share of interest in the scope of biosensor fabrication for early and accurate cancer diagnosis. Herein, we have insights reviewed the various routes and technologies for synthesized graphene, and graphene-based materials including 3D graphene (i.e., hydrogels, foams, sponges, porous), and 0D graphene (i.e., quantum dots). Moreover, we have introduced the different types of graphene/graphene-based materials biosensors (i.e., electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, field-effect transistors biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, and microfluidics biosensors) and their merits and applications for cancer pre-stage detection.
