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... WLEC results were compared to a similar case study from the literature review in the UK. A 2250 m 2 student residential building consisted of 4 storeys above ground. The EC results of the two design options were 486 and 420 kgCO 2 e/m 2 for the reinforced concrete (RC) and the blockwork (BW), respectively [42]. Fig. 7 compares the results of the Goldcrest Village scenarios to the UK case study design options. The primary methodological distinction between the UK study and the current study is that the UK study considered the A and C life cycle phases only. Including the (B4) module in the Goldcrest Village scenarios significantly increased the WLEC ...
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... In Ireland, GPP implementation has developed through several policy iterations, beginning with the 2012 National Action Plan on GPP and continuing through the 2024 Climate Action Plan [11], which mandated green criteria in all public procurement. Despite these policy commitments, implementation has been characterized by significant variability across sectors and public bodies, with particularly limited adoption in building materials selection [12]. The EPA's guidance "Green Public Procurement: Guidance for the Public Sector" provides voluntary criteria addressing embodied carbon in construction materials [13]. ...
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With the rapid development of e-commerce in China, carbon emissions from express packaging have become increasingly prominent, and the division of inter-regional emission responsibilities has emerged as a key research focus. Based on the principle of shared responsibility between producers and consumers, this study integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) and spatial decomposition analysis to quantify the full-life-cycle carbon footprint of China’s e-commerce express packaging across the raw material, production, and disposal stages and calculates the inter-provincial embodied carbon transfer. The findings show that: (1) in 2022, total emissions reached 41.209 million t CO2e, exhibiting a “more in the east, less in the west” spatial pattern, with Guangdong Province as the largest source; (2) plastic packaging generates roughly twice the upstream emissions of paper packaging, while paper packaging surpasses plastic during disposal; and (3) significant inter-provincial disparities exist in embodied carbon transfer, with seven southeastern coastal provinces as net exporters and a net-import pattern of “more in the east, less in the west; more in the south, less in the north,” accounting for 40 % of the total transfer. Based on this, it is recommended that the government attach great importance to the issue of responsibility allocation arising from the embodied carbon transfer of e-commerce express packaging.
