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1-3, Globotruncanita stuarti (De Lapparent). 4-5, Globotruncanita pettersi (Gandolfi). 6, Gublerina cuvillieri Kikoine. 7, Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak), 8-9, Globigerinelloides volutes (White). 10, Guembelitria dammula (Voloshina). 11-12, Contusotrancana plicata (White). 13-15, Globotruncanita angulata Tilev. 16-17, Globotruncanella havanensis (Voorwijk). 18, Globotruncanella pschadae (Keller). 19-20, Globotruncanella petaloidia (Gandolfi). 21-22, Kuglerina rotundata (Bronnimann). 23-24, Hedbergella monmuthensis (Olsson). 25, Pseudotextularia deformis (Kikoine). 26-27, Rugoglobigerina milamensis Smith & Pessagno. 28-29, Rugoglobigerina rotundata, Bronnimann. 30 Planoglobulina acervulinoides (Egger), Scale bar = 100μ.
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![Fig. 1: Geological and Location maps of the studied area modified from [9].](profile/Imad-Ghafor/publication/347890773/figure/fig1/AS:972643649994752@1608907725667/Geological-and-Location-maps-of-the-studied-area-modified-from-9_Q320.jpg)
The current work focuses to study the foraminifera assemblages within the
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... Another biostratigraphic study of the K-Pg transition by Al-Omari (1995) concluded that the Aaliji Formation underlies the Shiranish Formation with an important break indicating an unconformable K-Pg boundary. In contrast, other studies have supported a complete K-Pg transition in both the Kurdistan Region (north of Iraq) and in the western desert of Iraq (Sharbazheri et al. 2009;Salih et al. 2013;Bamerni et al. 2021b;Al-Nuaimy et al. 2020; Al-Dulaimi and Mohammed 2020). ...
A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis based on planktonic foraminifera at the Bade section (Dohuk area, northwest Iraq) across the K-Pg boundary shows an uninterrupted pelagic succession. The succession consists of the uppermost part of the bluish marlstone of the Shiranish Formation (Maastrichtian), and the buff brown shaley marlstone of the Aaliji Formation (Danian in age). The planktonic foraminiferal data reveal the occurrence of three (CF3, CF2, CF1) Cretaceous biozones for the uppermost Maastrichtian stage, and six (P0, Pa, P1a, P1b, P1c, P2) Paleogene biozones for the Danian stage. Chemostratigraphic analyses along with XRD of the primary mineralogy including the clay mineral assemblages, and field gamma-ray spectrometry fully support the interpretation of the biostratigraphic data, the identification of the K-Pg transition of the Bade section, and its link to the globally recognized meteorite impact of the Chicxulub crater (Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf of Mexico). The 4 mm-thick K-Pg boundary layer is a rusty-looking, yellowish red, discontinuous, and laminated, horizon. This layer is rich in impact ejecta of iron spherules, deformed quartz grains, and goethite and coesite minerals. A consistent drop of CaCO 3 and the radiometric peak of the total gamma-ray radiation across the boundary zone correspond to the globally documented profiles of the K-Pg boundary zone at many global localities. These are important diagnostic features of the globally recognized meteorite impact material, with which, the Bade section is correlated to the "distal" localities of the K-Pg sections worldwide. The complete, well preserved, and unique features of the K-Pg transition at the Bade section support considering it as a reference section for the K-Pg boundary in the Arabian plate.
... (Karoui-Yaakoub et al. 2017). In the current study three lithostratigraphic units have been recognized which are Pabdeh, Jahrum and asmari formations that corresponds to the lithostratigraphic units in Iraq, that Jahrum Formation is equivalent to the Kolosh, Aaliji, and Sinjar formations in Iraq (Ghafor 1988;Sharbazheri et al. 2009Sharbazheri et al. , 2011Al Fattah et al. 2017, 2018, 2020a, 2020bAl-Nuaimy et al. 2020;Al-Taee et al. 2024a,b,c), and the upper part of the Pabdeh Formation is equivalent to the Tarjil, Shurau, Baba, and Bajwan formations in Iraq (Ghafor 2022;Ghafor and Najaflo 2022), and the lower part of the Pabdeh Formation is equivalent to the Avanah and Jaddala formations in Iraq (Asaad 2022; Al-Sultan 2018), finally the Asmari Formation is equivalent to the Azkand, Baba, Anah, Serikagni, Ibrahim, Jerebi, and Euphrates formations in Iraq (Buday 1980;Ghafor 2004;Ghafor and Najaflo 2022). The microscopic investigation revealed the presence of common planktic foraminifera, i.e., Turborotalia cerroazulensis, Turborotalia pomeroli, Turborotalia cocoaensis, Clavigerinella sp., Dentoglobigerina Table 2). ...
The studied wells were located in the Bandar Abbas, Southeast Persian Gulf, and crosscut mainly from Eocene to Oligocene sequences spanning the Pabdeh, Jahrum, and Asmari formations respectively. The present work aims to characterize the biostratigraphy of the Eocene–Oligocene transition based on planktic and benthic foraminifera. Upper Eocene–Oligocene transition are subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units which are the Pabdeh Formation (Priabonian–Chattian), Jahrum Formation (Priabonian), and Asmari Formation (Rupelian-Chattian). Based on the stratigraphical range of the studied foraminifera, ten biozones have been established:- Morozovella velascoensis Zone (early Eocene) (I), Morozovella edgari Zone (Ypressian) (II(, Morozovella formosa formosa Zone (Ypressian) (III), Hantkenina alabamensis Highest-Occurrence Zone (Priabonian) (IV), Turborotalia cerroazulensis cunialensis Zone (Priabonian) (V), Cassigerinella chiploensis–Pseudohastigerina micra) Zone (Rupelian) (VI), Turborotalia ampliapertura Zone (Rupelian) (VII), Praegloborotalia opima opima Zone (Rupelian) (VIII), Nummulites spp., Discocyclina spp. Zone (Chattian) (IX) and Eulepidina–Nephrolepidina-Nummulites Zone (Chattian) (X). The recognized biozones were correlated with comparatively standards biozones for the Tethyan realm which demonstrates a good comparison between the biostratigraphic zones that recognized in this study with other biozones in different areas.
... Planktic foraminifera's species suffered mass extinction from the consequences of the catastrophes, and most of the works on the boundary accepted the extinction (Smit and Ten Kate, 1982;Keller, 1988;Arenillas, et al., 2002). The K/Pg boundary in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which is a part of the Zagros Foreland Basin (ZFB), was recorded in sedimentary rocks between various lithostratigraphic units (Shiranish/Kolosh Formations, Shiranish/Aaliji formations, Tanjero Formation/ Red bed series, and Tanjero/Kolosh Formations) (Bellen, et al., 1959;Ghafor, 1988;Al-Shaibani, Al-Hashimi and Ghafor, 1993;Bakkhal, et al., 1993;Ghafor, 2000;Al-Barzinjy, 2005;Jassim and Goff, 2006;Sharbazheri, Ghafor and Muhammed, 2009;Hammoudi, 2011;Al-Nuaimy, et al., 2020;Salih, Al-Mutwali and Aldabbagh, 2015;Al-Qayim, Kharajiany and Wise, 2020;Kharajiany, Wise and Al-Qayim, 2020;Bamerni, et al., 2021, Sahib andAl-Dulaimi, 2022;Lawa and Qadir, 2023). Basin configuration at the time of the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene resulted in the deposition of different facies at the same time (Jassim and Goff, 2006). ...
... Basin configuration at the time of the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene resulted in the deposition of different facies at the same time (Jassim and Goff, 2006). As a consequence of this variation a discussion occurred about the boundary between different lithostratigraphic units shows that the occurrence of a complete K/Pg transition in Iraq (Sharbazheri, Ghafor and Muhammed, 2009;Salih, Al-Mutwali and Aldabbagh, 2015;Al-Nuaimy, et al. 2020;Mousa, Al-Dulaimi, and Mohammed, 2020;Bamerni, et al., 2021). ...
... The studies conducted on the boundary in particular shed light on the nature of sedimentation across the boundary and whether the boundary itself represents an unconformity or a hiatus surface. Most of the recent studies use planktic foraminifera, palynomorphs (Spores and Pollen), and nannofossils emphasizing that the Early Danian sediments exist between Tanjero and Kolosh Formations and mark the boundary as a conformable surface (i.e., without a break in sedimentation) (Al-Qayim and Al-Shaibani, 1989;Ghafor, 2000;Muhammed, 2009, 2011;Kharajiany, Al-Qayim and Wise, 2019;Al-Nuaimy, et al., 2020;Al-Qayim, Kharajiany and Wise, 2020;Kharajiany, Wise and Al-Qayim, 2020;Bamerni, et al., 2021), while many other studies mark the boundary as an unconformable surface (Kassab, 1972;Ghafor, 1988;Al-Shaibani, Al-Hashimi and Ghafor, 1993;Jassim and Goff, 2006;Sissakian and Al-Jubouri, 2014;Lawa and Qadir, 2023). One of the prominent works conducted on the contact between Tanjero and Kolosh Formations by Bellen, et al. (1959), concluded that in some areas of Northern Iraq, the boundary could represent conformable surfaces. ...
The present study interprets the high resolution of the biostratigraphy across the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary from Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, and northeast Iraq, based on planktic foraminifera. The Dartw section was selected for this study, within the High Folded Zone. The biozone contact consists of lithostratigraphic resemblance and is represented by the upper part of the Tanjero Formation (late Maastrichtian) with the overlying Kolosh Formation (Danian). Four late Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal biozones have been recorded from the Tanjero Formation: Racemiguembelina fructicosa Interval Zone (CF4), Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Concurrent Range Zone (CF3) , Pseudoguembelina palpebra Partial Range Zone (CF2), and Plummerita hantkeninoides Total Range Zone (CF1), while three Danian planktic foraminiferal biozones and two subzones have been recorded from the Kolosh Formation: (Guembelitria cretacea (P0) Interval Zone, Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (Pα) Total Range Zone, and Parasubbotina pseudobulloides (P1) Partial-Range Zone (Globoanomalina archaeocompressa (P1a) Partial Range Subzone, and Subbotina triloculinoides (P1b) Interval Subzone). High biostratigraphic resolution indicates a complete K/Pg transition with no hiatus at the studied section in the Sulaymaniyah area. The ranges of the species recognized in this study are given. Correlations with other sections in Iraq and other parts of the world, including the type Maastrichtian and Danian areas, are discussed and represented in correlation charts, together with the ranges of the important Upper Maastrichtian and Paleocene species. Index Terms-High Resolution, K/Pg boundary, Kurdistan region of Iraq, Planktic Foraminifera.
... However, in Lali (Beiranvand et al. 2014b), Kuh-e-Lar (Daneshian et al. 2015), and the studied section, this boundary displays unconformity. In numerous regions throughout Iraq, a hiatus is evident at this boundary, while it remains conformable in the Sirwan Valley, Dokan area and Smaquli Valley, northeastern Iraq (Sharbazheri et al. 2009(Sharbazheri et al. , 2011Al Nuaimy al. 2020) (Fig. 8b). In the studied area, a paraconformity between the Maastrichtian-Danian boundary arises due to the absence of the Guembelitria cretacea Zone (P0), the Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone (Pα), and the Euglobigerina edita Zone (P1). ...
The sedimentary sequence, extending from the Maastrichtian to the lower Eocene and exposed in two sections in the easternmost part of the Izeh Zone (Kuh-e-Sefid and Mish anticlines) in the Zagros Basin, has been subjected to a comprehensive analysis of its Planktic foraminiferal assemblage. This time interval encompasses the upper part of the Gurpi Formation and the lower to middle part of the Pabdeh Formation, spanning from the base to the top. The lithology of the Maastrichtian-early Eocene successions comprises calcareous shales, argillaceous limestones, glauconitic and phosphatic limestones, marlstones, purple shales, and cherty argillaceous limestones. A total of 35 genera and 118 species of Planktic foraminifera have been conclusively identified. The identified biozones include the Contusotruncana contusa Interval Zone and the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Interval Zone, indicating an early to late Maastrichtian age for the upper part of the Gurpi Formation. The lower to middle part of the Pabdeh Formation exhibits distinctive biozones, such as Praemurica uncinata (P2), Igorina albeari (subzone P3b), Igorina-Globanomalina pseudomenardii Interval Zone, Globanomalina pseudomenardii (P4), Morozovella velascoensis (P5), Acarinina sibaiyaensis (E1), Globanomalina pseudomenardii-Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis Interval Zone, Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis/Morozovella velascoensis (E2), Morozovella marginodentata (E3), Morozovella velascoensis-Morozovella formosa formosa and/or Morozovella lensiformis Interval Zone (subzone P6a), Morozovella formosa (E4), Morozovella aragonensis/Morozovella subbotinae (E5), Acarinina pentacamerata (E6), Acarinina cuneicamerata (subzone E7a), and Turborotalia frontosa (subzone E7b). The boundary between the Pabdeh and Gurpi Formations in the examined sections is demarcated by an unconformity, characterized by a sedimentary hiatus from the early Danian to the early Selandian within biozones P0 to P3a.
... Remarks and Correlation: the Pseudoguembelina palpebra zone which reported from Late Maastrichtian sediment of South Atlantic DSDP Site 525A by Li and Keller (1998a); from Late Maastrichtian sediment of Tunisia by Keller et al., (1995) and from Madagascar by Abramovich et al., (2002); from Egypt Obaidalla (2005) and Obaidalla et al., (2020); and from Northeastern Iraq by Sharbazheri (2007 and, and Al Nuaimy et al. (2020); from Northern Iraq by Al-Mutwali and Al-Doori (2012), Salih et al. (2013), Al-Mutwali and Ibrahim (2019), and Bamerni et al., (2021) andMalak et al., (2021); from Western Iraq by Mousa et al., (2020); from Iran by Rostami and Balmaki (2018). The upper portion of the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone, which is described by various authors, can be correlated with the Pseudoguembelina palpebra Zone which recorded in several countries: from Spain by Premoli Silva andSliter( 1995and1999); from Mediterranea by Premoli Silva et al., (1998); from Mexico by Maestas et al., (2003) (Table 2); from Egypt by Elnady and Shahin (2001) and by Samir (2002) in; from Iraq by Kassab (1972), Kassab et al., (1986), Abawi et al., (1982), Abdel-Kireem (1986), Al-Mutwali (1996), andAl-Mutwali andAl-Jubouri (2005); The zone can be equal to the Kassbiana falsocalcarata zone recognized in North Iraq by Kassab et al., (1986). ...
The Quantitative high-resolution planktonic foraminiferal analysis of the subsurface section in three selected wells in the Ajeel Oil Field (Aj-8, Aj-12, and Aj-15) in Tikrit Governorate, Central Iraq has revealed that Shiranish Formation deposited in Late Campanian- Latest Maastrichtian age. This formation consists mainly of marly and marly limestone yielding diverse planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and calcareous benthic foraminifera, with a total of 46 species that belong to 23 genera, Three zones and four subzones, which cover the Late Campanian to the Latest Maastrichtian, were identified based on the recorded planktonic foraminifera and their ranges. They are as follows:1. Globotruncana aegyptiaca Zone that dated to be Late Campanian 2. Gansserina gansseri Zone that refers to Early Maastrichtian 3. Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone that indicates Late Maastrichtian, in this section, the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone is divided into four subzones, namely in that order from bottom to top: Racemiguembelina fructicosa (Early Late Maastrichtian), Pseudoguembelina hariaensis (Middle-Late Maastrichtian), P. palpebra ( Late Late Maastrichtian), and Plummerita hantkeninoides (latest Maastrichtian).
... During the Maastrichtian and Paleogene, the interplay between sea level rise and fall, carbonates and siliciclastic deposits, Global Maastrichtian warming and cooling cyclicity, syn and post sedimentary tectonic disturbances play an essential role in the total mass extinction of all micro and macro fauna at this K/Pg boundary (Al-Omari, 1966;Lawa, 1983;Al-Ameri and Lawa, 1986;Al-Omari et al., 1989;Lawa, 2004Lawa, , 2018Sharbazheri, 2007;Salih et. al., 2013;Al-Dulaimi and Al-Sheikhly, 2015;Görmüş et al., 2017Görmüş et al., , 2019Al-Mutwali, and AL-Doori, 2012;Al-Mutwali, and Ibrahim, 2019;Al Nuaimy et al., 2020). Several previous studies have been carried out in Iraq about this boundary, but those dealing with the studied area. ...
... The Late Maastrichtian age for the upper part of the Tanjero Formation was emphasized by several authors (Lawa et al., 1998 ;Sharbazheri, 2007;Abdallah and Al-Dulaimi, 2019;Al -Mutwali and AL-Doori, 2012;Al-Mutwali and Ibrahim, 2019;Al-Nuaimy et al., 2020). Depending on the foraminifera's investigation, three biozones have been recognized; based on the predominated Large Benthic Foraminifera and the fourth zone represented by the planktic foraminifera. ...
A composite biostratigraphic study has been carried out from four selected sections representing an interval between the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary within the Imbricated Zone (Chwarta – Mawat ), Sulaimani area, Kurdistan region northern Iraq. The study covers the Maastrichtian successions, represented by the upper part of the Tanjero and Aqra formations, and the Paleogene succession, represented by the lowermost portion of the Suwais Group. The biostratigraphic study is based on the Large Benthic Foraminifera, supported by planktic foraminifera, Calcareous Nannofossil biozone, and ammonite biozones, which are in turn compared with the local and international biozones. The recorded large benthic foraminifera biozones are: - Loftusia minor, Loftusia coxi, Orbitoides media, and Lepidorbitoides socialis Assemblages Zone(indicates early Late Maastrichtian age).Loftusia morgani, Siderolite calcitrapoides, Orbitoides apiculatus Assemblage Zone (indicates middle Late Maastrichtian age). Loftusia persica-Loftusia elongata Assemblage Zone (indicates late Late Maastrichtian age). The Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Partial Range Zone (CF3) recorded in Kato and Maukaba sections shows an middle Late Maastrichtian age. The recorded Calcareous Nannofossils are related to the Micula murus-Micula prinsii (CC26) Assemblage biozone recorded for the first time in the studied area and almost of Late Maastrichtian age but not extend to the latest Maastrichtian. Also, for the first time, an ammonites biozone was recorded in this area and represented by Hoploscaphites constrictus crassus Partial Range Zone (indicates Early Late Maastrichtian). As a result, the K/Pg represents a significant gap (about 5my) and unconformity with 500m conglomerates.
... During the Maastrichtian and Paleogene, the interplay between sea level rise and fall, carbonates and siliciclastic deposits, Global Maastrichtian warming and cooling cyclicity, syn and post sedimentary tectonic disturbances play an essential role in the total mass extinction of all micro and macro fauna at this K/Pg boundary (Al-Omari, 1966;Lawa, 1983;Al-Ameri and Lawa, 1986;Al-Omari et al., 1989;Lawa, 2004Lawa, , 2018Sharbazheri, 2007;Salih et. al., 2013;Al-Dulaimi and Al-Sheikhly, 2015;Görmüş et al., 2017Görmüş et al., , 2019Al-Mutwali, and AL-Doori, 2012;Al-Mutwali, and Ibrahim, 2019;Al Nuaimy et al., 2020). Several previous studies have been carried out in Iraq about this boundary, but those dealing with the studied area. ...
... The Late Maastrichtian age for the upper part of the Tanjero Formation was emphasized by several authors (Lawa et al., 1998 ;Sharbazheri, 2007;Abdallah and Al-Dulaimi, 2019;Al -Mutwali and AL-Doori, 2012;Al-Mutwali and Ibrahim, 2019;Al-Nuaimy et al., 2020). Depending on the foraminifera's investigation, three biozones have been recognized; based on the predominated Large Benthic Foraminifera and the fourth zone represented by the planktic foraminifera. ...
... The hemipelagic sediments allow a thorough investigation of the age of the associated volcanic clastic detritus by fossils such as nannofossils and planktonic foraminiferas. Therefore, the stratigraphic horizon of the first arrival of the volcanic detritus is aged Paleocene by planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils biozonation inside hemipelagic sediments that host volcanic detritus by Sharbazheri et al. (2011) [47], Al Nuaimy et al. (2020) [48] and Kharajiany et al. (2020a [49] and b [50]). However, the late Maastrichtian age is not excluded since there are some greywackes inside the upper part of Aqra in the Mawat and Chwarta areas. ...
The previous studies documented the tectonics setting, petrology, and geochemistry of the Penjween area (with Shalair Valley) before 70 years and considered it as an area of igneous rocks, and tectonically composed of three thrust sheets. According to these studies, the area includes two main igneous rock units: The Penjween Ophiolite Complex comprised of gabbro, peridotite, and granitoid intrusions at the south. The second unit is Kata Rash Volcanic rocks (Kata Rash conglomerate of the present study) which are located in the north and northeast and comprised of mafic, intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks. The present study disagrees with the previous documentation of these rocks and changed the claimed Kata Rash Volcanic Rocks and Penjween Ophiolite to metamorphosed conglomerates and coarse sandstones of the proximal facies that belong to metamorphosed sediments of Walash Formation (or Group) that was deposited in a large Paleocene Foreland Basin. The Walash Group and Kolosh Formation (as unmetamorphosed, coarse and fine sandstones or greywackes) were deposited as deep basin distal facies in the basin while Kata Rash Conglomerate belongs to coastal facies. All the above five units are deposited by turbidity currents during Paleocene-Eocene and they correlated, in the present study, stratigraphically along the basin paleodip from the present location of the Shalair valley to the south of Sulaymaniyah City. The Naopurdan Formation is recognized for the first time in the Penjween area and its facies and foraminifera are documented and correlated with Sinjar Formation. The above siliciclastic sediments were derived from volcanic source areas inside Iran and depending on the field, lab, and evaluations of the previous studies, the present study drew sedimentary stratigraphic columns and cross-sections for the Penjween and Sulaimanyiah areas and correlated their units along 100 km across the latter two areas. The correlation linked the Kolosh Formation with stratigraphic units of the Penjween area for the first-time supposing deposition during Paleocene-Eocene and sharing the same foreland basin which is aided by the first record of the occurrence of the Kolosh Formation in Chwarta by nannofossils and petrography.
... They mentioned the absence of igneous rocks and what previously called igneous rocks are metamorphosed greywacke of Walash-Naopurdan. Al Nuaimy, separated the Eocene sediments from Northeastern Iraq, based on the planktic and benthic foraminifera [24]. Walash and Naopurdan Groups are autochthonous sedimentary stratigraphic units that are metamorphosed regionally inside the two complexes [25]. ...
Forty- nine samples were collected for a biostratigraphic study of the Naouprdan Formation to determine the age of its strata. The studied section is located within the Zagros High Fold and Thrust Belt, from the Bulfat area, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region/northeastern Iraq. The lithology of the succession here is composed of grey
fine-grain of limestone with Nummulites and Alveoloina, the whole section is highly deformed and fractured. Hence, for the first time, this limestone unit is described in detail; it is a 48 m bed of grey fine-grain, Alveolinidae- Nummulitidae limestone. It bears a frequent number of large benthic foraminifera that are concentrated
within the limestone bed. The identified benthic foraminifera are of the groups: Nummulitidae; Alveolinidae;Acervulinidae; Rotaliidae; Linderinidae; Linderinidae; Hauerinidae; Textulariidae; Textulariidae. A detailedstudy of the microfossil assemblages of the Naouprdan Formation revealed the occurrences of (53) species of benthic foraminifera belonging to (23) genera. The stratigraphic distribution of benthic foraminifera permits the recognition of four biozones. These are from the bottom to the top of the section: Alveolina oblonga- Nummulites djokdjokartae Interval Zone, Nummulites djokdjokartae Total Range Zone, Nummulites fabiani
Total Range Zone, and Alveolina leupoldi-Alveolina elliptica Interval Zone. This section is described for the first time.
ISSN: 2689-1204
... Most of the recent studies use planktonic foraminifera and nannofossil emphasizes that lower Danian sediments exist between Tanjero and Kolosh formations, and mark the boundary as continue (i.e. without break in sedimentation) (Al-Qayim and Al-Shaibani, 1989;Sharbazheri et al., 2009;Kharajiany et al., 2019;Al Nuaimy et al., 2020;Al-Qayim et al., 2020;Kharajiany et al., 2020). While there are many studies that marked the boundary as unconformity (Kassab, 1972;Jassim and Goff, 2006;Sissakian and Al-Jiburi, 2014). ...
The Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary marks the global extinction of many life forms, this boundary around Sulaimani city coincides with the boundary between Tanjero and Kolosh formations. These two units are flysch deposits of the Zagros Foreland Basin. This study focuses on petrography and clay mineralogy variations between these two units. Petrographic study, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscope analysis were conducted on samples from different lithologies. The petrographic study of fine-grain lithologies shows that they are mainly wackestone without variation across the boundary. Sandstone petrography shows variation in framework components by increasing quartz, feldspar, and igneous fragments while argillaceous, carbonates, chert, and chalcedony fragments are decreased from Tanjero to Kolosh formations. Obtained results from XRD and SEM show that the clay mineral assemblage is dominated by corrensite (regularly interstratified chlorite/smectite) with discrete chlorite, smectite and traces of illite. The existence of these clay assemblage suggests that corrensite is the diagenetic product of smectite as it is an intermediate stage of smectite chloritization. Enrichment of precursor smectite and high content of unstable grains in sandstones across the K/Pg boundary is the result of low-intensity weathering in arid and seasonal climates of the source area. The smaller size of detrital smectite than other clay minerals is behind its enrichment in the deep marine basin for both Tanjero and Kolosh formations. Sandstone enrichment with sedimentary fragments in both formations related to uplifted sedimentary terrain in its hinterland, while variation across the boundary indicates gradual uplift of Zagros ophiolite zone in the early Paleogene.
