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![Global topology of the CANet system [6]](profile/Hend-Fourati/publication/281931446/figure/fig2/AS:391498999844868@1470352043453/Global-topology-of-the-CANet-system-6.png)
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![Fig. 2. Propositions of WBAN structure for CANet project [6]](profile/Hend-Fourati/publication/281931446/figure/fig1/AS:391498999844867@1470352043383/Propositions-of-WBAN-structure-for-CANet-project-6_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 3. Global topology of the CANet system [6]](profile/Hend-Fourati/publication/281931446/figure/fig2/AS:391498999844868@1470352043453/Global-topology-of-the-CANet-system-6_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 6. The position of the proposed differentiation layer [6]](profile/Hend-Fourati/publication/281931446/figure/fig4/AS:391498999844870@1470352043562/The-position-of-the-proposed-differentiation-layer-6_Q320.jpg)
In this paper, we present an overview of IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.15.6 standards. Thereafter, in view of their various strengths and many similarities , we study the possibility of using one of these two norms to implement the body area network (WBAN) of CANet (an innovative ehealth project) scenario according to the nature of the studied sensors. To...
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In development, implementation and evaluation of eHealth it is essential to account for stakeholders' perspectives, opinions and values, which are statements that specify what stakeholders want to achieve or improve via a technology. The use of values enables developers to systematically include stakeholders' perspectives and the context of use in...
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... WBAN consists of 1 and just one coordinator (also named a hub) and variety of connected nodes, which varies from 0 to 64 nodes. [6]. ...
n the present era, the use of wireless networks is increasing day by day and the electrical devices are getting smaller in
size, due to these factors the research area of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) has expanded. Nowadays there are so many
accidents occurred in different sectors of society just because of the late arrival of input information. But with the help of this
technology, we together can overcome such types of Activities to save victims. The SM-WBAN technology is used on the human
body and operates on small power consumption, less frequency. This consists of 4 different sections in its Architecture. We have
reviewed SM-WBAN protocols and techniques related to it for solution and application in this paper. In this paper, there are
works of various authors in this field of the same view.
Keywords: SM-WBAN - Surface Mounted Wireless Body Area Network; Frequency; Power Combustion; Input Information.
... For example, in (Benmansour and al., 2016), Benmansour and al. Have compared the standards ieee 802.15.4 and ieee 802.15.6 over realistic requirements and constraints of home monitoring of an individual cardiac patient to decide about the best mac technology for such scenario. In (Fourati and al., 2015), Fourati and al. Have studied the possibility of using one of these two norms to implement the body area network (wban) of canet (an innovative ehealth project) scenario according to the nature of the integrated sensors. ...
Motivated by the increasing need for improved healthcare solutions, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have shown their great potential in revolutionizing the next generation healthcare through enabling continuous monitoring of health status with early detection of abnormal situations. Such networks are able to support a diverse range of applications with traffic rates ranging from several bits per hour up to 10 megabits per second. For the efficient functionality of these applications, each one poses a specific set of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements to the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer including transmission reliability, timeliness and throughput. However, energy limitations of WBANs make the satisfaction of these requirements a challenging task. The current paper aims to explore the application trends of WBANs in the health field as well as the salient features of the MAC protocols proposed for this class of networks, and to provide a general rule indicating the most suitable MAC technology for WBANs based on the characteristics of the targeted application.
... The IEEE 802.15.4 standard [2] is considered as the most mature standard for WBANs with wide range of applications in health care [3]. It reasonably meets the application requirements of short range WBANs. ...
Carrier sense multiple access mechanism with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless body area networks (WBANs) may impair the transmission reliability of emergency traffic under high traffic loads, which may result in loss of high valued medical information. Majority of the recent proposals recommend an early retransmission of failed frame while ignoring the history of past failed transmissions. More importantly, these proposals do not consider the number of failed transmissions experienced by each sensor node, thereby affecting the reliability of retransmissions. In this paper, we propose a dynamic retransmission adaptive intelligent MAC (RAI-MAC) scheme. In our proposed scheme retransmission class of each sensor node is decided by the coordinator according to the number of failed transmissions of each node as observed by the coordinator during the last superframe. Based on the retransmission class received from the coordinator, each node adjusts its next backoff value. The proposed scheme increases the probability of successful frame retransmissions without incurring extra overhead. The simulation results prove that the proposed scheme based on its adaptive retransmission mechanism achieves higher average throughput and average end-to-end delay, while not compromising on energy efficiency as compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 and Block Acknowledgment (Block Ack). Moreover, our scheme appears more stable in terms of average throughput, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency under different values of beacon order (BO) and superframe order (SO).
This paper investigates the sensor selection problem for remote state estimation. A set of sensors measures a process's state and sends the measurements to a remote estimator over an unslotted carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) channel in IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless body area networks. This paper aims to answer which sensors should be selected according to probability so that the state estimation error covariance and the energy consumption of sensors can be optimized. A common assumption in most existing methods about sensor scheduling is that the packet loss process is unrelated to the channel input. This paper analyzes the relationship between channel input and packet loss rate by modeling the communication process. A scheduling scheme is proposed to increase channel utilization from the perspective of sensor information fusion. Then the constraint on the performance metrics is presented. By transforming the sensor selection problem into a constrained optimization problem, the solution to the optimization problem is obtained by a numerical algorithm. Finally, the validity of the model and the feasibility of the sensor scheduling are demonstrated by a numerical simulation.
Monitoring the physical condition of patients is a major errand for specialists. The development of wireless remote elderly patient monitoring system has been intensive in the past. RPM (remote patient monitoring) is reliant on the person's inspiration to deal with their wellbeing. The flow of patient data requires a group of medicinal services suppliers to deal with the information. RPM sending is reliant on a wireless telecommunication infrastructure, which may not be accessible/practical in provincial territories. Patients' data are shared as service on cloud in hospitals. Therefore, in the current research, a new approach of cloud-based wireless remote patient monitoring system during emergency is proposed as a model to monitor the critical health data. The vital parameters are measured and transmitted. In this chapter, the authors present an extensive review of the significant technologies associated with wireless patient monitoring using wireless sensor networks and cloud.
Prolonging a wireless sensor network’s lifetime is closely related to energy consump-tion and particularly to the energy hole problem, where sensor nodes close to the sink node consume a considerable amount of their energy for relaying purposes. In order to tackle the energy hole problem’s eects, this thesis proposes two approaches that counter the problem from two perspectives: (i) the minimization of the energy consumption by approaching the sink placement problem as a k-median problem and (ii) the prolongation of the network’s lifetime by recharging its sensor nodes.In the rst approach, an analytical model for analyzing the available energy in the network is proposed. The next step is to analytically model the overall energy consumption as a k-median facility location problem, its solution corresponding to the location of k sinks in the network. As analytically shown, when k sinks are placed according to the solution of the previous facility location problem, then the overall energy consumption is minimized, resulting in a higher energy-saving system. Thus, the saved energy can be further utilized, e.g., to extend the network’s lifetime and support modern replenishing techniques such as energy harvesting and battery recharging. Simulation results validate the analytical model that is the basis of the analysis and conrm the results with respect to the available energy in the network. In particular, signicant energy savings are observed when the analytical results are applied, thus resulting in better energy utilization and subsequent network lifetime increment.The second approach is focused on two proposed recharging policies. The rst one is a simple recharging policy that permits a mobile recharger, initially stationed at the sink node, to move around and replenish any node’s exhausted battery when a certain recharging threshold is violated. This policy, as well as the second pro-posed recharging policy (i.e., the enhanced recharging policy), refer to on-demand recharging policies which base their operation on local information, allowing the mobile recharger to move – upon request – to a node of reduced energy level and re-plenish its battery. When under the enhanced recharging policy and after completing the latter replenishment, the mobile recharger continues operating in a hop-by-hop manner to the neighbor nodes of the lowest energy level, thus replenishing their batteries too. It is shown that the minimization of the recharging distance covered by the mobile recharger is a facility location problem, and particularly an 1-median one. Simulation results, regarding the simple recharging policy, investigate various aspects of it related to the recharging threshold and the level of the energy left in the network nodes’ batteries. In addition, it is shown that when the sink’s location is set to the solution of the particular facility location problem, then the recharging distance is minimized irrespectively of the recharging threshold. As for the enhanced recharging policy’s simulation results, its eectiveness is investigated using simula-tion results and compared against an existing well-known on-demand recharging policy that exploits global knowledge (i.e., knowledge of both the energy level of all nodes and the network topology). It is shown that the enhanced recharging policy, even though based on local information, maintain the average energy level and termination time higher than that under the existing one that exploits global knowledge. Furthermore, it is observed that the network’s lifetime is maximized when the basis of the mobile recharger is located at the solution of the mentioned median problem for all studied policies.The approaches studied in this thesis establish a relation between facility location problems (particularly the k-median problem) and energy consumption and battery replenishment. This is a signicant contribution that is expected to trigger future work in the area and reveal further aspects of the energy consumption issues and how lifetime may be prolonged in wireless sensor networks.
In the current paper, we present a comparative analysis of the wireless standards IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 over a WBAN healthcare monitoring system based on the MAC sub-layer. The main consideration of this work is to look for determined factors to decide about the norm providing the optimal quality of service (QoS) for such system in normal traffic conditions. For this purpose, a comprehensive set of simulations has been conducted using Castalia Simulator to evaluate the average latency, throughput and reliability of the two standards under the same conditions.
In anticipation of future ubiquitously-connected healthcare services with stringent delay requirements, we outline the main characteristics, design challenges and existing open issues in the medium access control (MAC) layer design of wireless body area networks (WBANs) and highlight the need to define hybrid MAC frame that enables flexible access according to traffic and services. For the first time, a thorough investigation of two WBAN standards, namely the IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN and the recently-proposed ETSI SmartBAN, in terms of delay and energy, is presented. We provide insights into the impact of MAC frame timing structure on delay and energy performances of these existing protocols. We compare the selections of access durations for the SmartBAN hybrid MAC frame and IEEE 802.15.6 superframe. Then, we present our simulation comparisons of the uplink delay and energy consumption in a SmartBAN and an IEEE 802.15.16 WBAN for healthcare, taking into account periodic monitoring and health-critical emergency traffic patterns. Our results emphasize that compared to IEEE 802.15.6-defined WBANs, SmartBANs are advantageous in energy-saving. Moreover, with a time-optimized MAC, SmartBANs reduce the delay for both periodic monitoring and emergency report.
