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Traditional animal production techniques are usually labour intensive and driven by very slim margins. These margins are subject to variables such as meat and milk prices, growth rates of animals, governmental policy changes and seasonal changes in cereal and crop prices, coupled with the volatile risk of infectious disease resulting in livestock l...
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... The poultry industry is crucial to the global economy and food security. The growing world population has led to a concomitant increase in demand for poultry products, with global demand for poultry meat and eggs projected to increase to 181 and 102 million metric tons by 2050, respectively, from 82 (meat) and 62 (eggs) tons in 2005 (Smith et al., 2015). Meeting this demand requires intensive, large-scale poultry production, characterized by significant environmental footprints and growing public concern over the welfare of farmed animals. ...
... In this context, the poultry industry plays a vital role due to its significant demand in the global market for animal-derived food products. By 2050, the global demand for poultry meat will double compared to 2005, while the demand for chicken eggs will increase by nearly 40% [Smith et al., 2015]. In poultry farming, IoT has proven to be a fundamental tool for monitoring the well-being of birds, optimizing feeding, and controlling environmental conditions in breeding facilities [Astill et al., 2020]. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) has changed how poultry farming is carried out, offering various advantages to farmers. One notable benefit is the real-time monitoring of bird breeding tasks, ensuring the well-being of the animals. Farmers can enhance their operations through task automation by incorporating an edge server for local sensor data processing. Tasks automation enables farmers to make informed decisions, improving production efficiency, bird quality, and agribusiness profits. However, poultry farming faces challenges, with disaster recovery a critical concern. Potential events like fires, power outages, or equipment failures can significantly impact birds and production. Consequently, continuous monitoring of birds is vital, and any disruptions must be minimized to uphold system integrity. This study introduces Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN) models to evaluate the availability and reliability of an intelligent bird breeding system. The system integrates a disaster recovery solution for uninterrupted operations. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on the components of the smart poultry system to pinpoint the most relevant one to the system's availability in the proposed architecture. This analysis can aid system architects in developing distributed architectures, considering points of failure and recovery measures. The study results demonstrate the system's high availability and reliability, enabling farmers to make informed decisions and improve the overall productivity of their farms.
... In this manner the producers can manage large number of animals with similar level of care to each (Smith et al., 2015). Management of individual animal is not always possible on large poultry farms having thousands of birds, though, some proportion of birds can be monitored through PLF methods and the inputs can be used for the assessment of flock health. ...
The present research experimentally investigated the physicochemical parameters and mineral content in honey and chicken eggs from different regions of Haryana. The egg samples were evaluated for pH, protein content, length, width, shape index and weight, whereas honey samples were evaluated for pH, moisture content, acidity, optical density, protein content and electrical conductivity. By investigating these parameters, the study aims to evaluate the nutritional value and safe consumption of these food products. Analyzing the mineral content in honey and egg samples along with the seasonal variations is crucial to comprehend their role in human health. In addition, this study also focuses on the metabolic parameters and antioxidant content in these samples. A comprehensive examination of all these parameters was done during summer and winter season to assess their quality. The samples were collected from four different districts of Haryana- Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar and Panipat. Samples were collected during the summer and winter season in the year 2022-2023. Hen eggs were collected from poultry farms and honey samples were collected from bee hives and apiaries. A total number of 5 honey samples were collected from each district whereas a total number of 10 eggs were collected from each district during summer (May-June) and winter (Dec-Jan) season. Analysis of samples was done using standard methods and the data obtained was executed with SPSS.
All the physico-chemical parameters were estimated by standard methods. All the minerals and heavy metals in honey samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optic Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). Results showed that the pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, optical density, total protein content and acidity were 5.78, 20.89%, 0.81 mS/cm, 0.25, 0.00, and 0.21%, respectively. The mean values of minerals were 13.21 mg/100 g for sodium; 177.52 mg/100 g for potassium; 20.26 mg/100 g for calcium and 71.10 mg/100 g for magnesium. Among heavy metals, iron was most abundant with an average of 1.69 mg/100 g. The mean concentrations of selenium and copper in investigated honey samples were 0.68 mg/100g and 1.50 mg/100 g, respectively. Non-carcinogenic risk related parameters like estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were also analyzed. HQ level indicated that there is a potential threat to children and adult population due to honey consumption in future. On the other hand, the mean values of egg for width, length, weight, shape, pH, and protein were 4.17 cm, 5.26 cm, 50.70 g, 22.22, 6.71, and 10.24 g, respectively, in summer, and 4.14 cm, 5.42 cm, 50.85 g, 22.93, 6.93, and 10.23 g, respectively, in winter. Regarding minerals and heavy metals, the mean values were recorded as follows in summer: sodium (123.51 mg/100 g), potassium (112.25 mg/100 g), calcium (71.47 mg/100 g), magnesium (18.96 mg/100 g), copper (2.29 mg/100 g), and iron (1.55 mg/100 g). In winter, the values were sodium (123.53 mg/100 g), potassium (110.24 mg/100 g), calcium (70.87 mg/100 g), magnesium (18.04 mg/100 g), copper (2.08 mg/100 g), and iron (1.61 mg/100 g). Arsenic, lead, and selenium were below the limit of quantification. The values recorded for estimated daily intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ) indicate no potential health risk, as HQ for Cu and Fe was less than one, for both adults and children. Thus, based on the results obtained from this study, there are currently no apparent health risks to human health. However, owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the likelihood of heavy metal pollution and toxicity in the near future is high. Therefore, more research must be conducted in this regard, and new strategies should be explored to combat heavy metal contamination.
Dietary antioxidants are known to be beneficial for reducing oxidative damage and promoting human health. The antioxidant potential of all the samples was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The FRAP values of the egg samples were reported to be significantly greater in the summer season (25.80 mg GAE/g) than in the winter season (22.88 mg GAE/g). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of poultry eggs exhibited a greater trend in winter (26.86%) than in summer (24.53%). In contrast, the FRAP values of honey samples were reported to be highest for Panipat (279.52 μM Fe(II)), followed by Gurgaon (141.19 μM Fe(II)), Rohtak (87.41 μM Fe(II)) and Hisar (87.19 μM Fe(II)) (the lowest). DPPH radical scavenging in honey samples was greatest in Panipat (43.92%) and was similar in samples from Rohtak (17.79%), Gurgaon (17.63%) and Hisar (17.02%). Various metabolites were identified in the analyzed honey. Most of them had antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, little research has been conducted on this topic involving eggs and honey. For that reason, more studies are required to determine the antioxidant properties of these food products and their impact on human health.
Therefore, more research must be conducted in this regard, and new strategies should be explored to combat heavy metal contamination. Our findings could lead to the need for future research, emphasizing the importance of exploring sources of heavy metals and implementing strategies to mitigate heavy metal contamination in honey.
... According to recent estimations, the demand for meat products will double by 2050. This two-fold increase in demand for meat will be comprised of 181 million metric tons (mmt) for poultry, 143 mmt for pork, and 106 mmt for beef (Smith et al., 2015). To reach these meat production targets, farmers need to adopt highly intensified farming systems due to the decrease in available farmland. ...
The need to develop novel alternatives to antibiotics gained prominence following the ban on sub-therapeutic antibiotic applications for livestock growth enhancement. This prohibition led to a surge in research papers exploring potential alternatives to antibiotics to promote growth and health in poultry. As a result, it has become imperative to synthesize information regarding research accomplishments and publication patterns in antibiotic alternatives, to assess research gaps and aid regulatory, funding, and research entities in making informed decisions. Consequently, our study aims to systematically analyze and comprehend the research and publication trends related to growth-promoting antibiotic alternatives in poultry. We identified all publications during the search period from 2009 to 2022, utilizing various bibliometric analysis datasets from Scopus, Web of Science/InCites, and Dimensions. The Rayyan web application was employed for manual deduplicating, labeling, and screening the relevant publications. From an initial pool of 2038 publications, we screened and categorized 816 based on factors such as alternative antibiotic categories, publication years, countries, species, journals, and institutes. Our findings reveal that the most prevalent publications are centered around probiotic (30.51%) and phytogenic (24.02%). Notably, the United States leads publication output, followed by China and Egypt. Among poultry species, broilers emerge as the most extensively studied category, followed by layer chickens. Universities emerge as the foremost contributors to antibiotic alternative research, while government institutes and industry occupy the second and third positions, respectively. Upon scrutinizing the journals responsible for the highest publication count and most cited papers, it became evident that the journal “Poultry Science” leads with the highest percentage (13.51%) and the most highly cited publications, accounting for five out of eleven highly cited articles. This comprehensive review outlines research trends concerning diverse antibiotic alternatives, taking into account poultry species and geographical distribution. The future trajectory in this domain is projected to encompass a blend of various antibiotic alternatives that could be administered as a single product and/or the innovative use of novel antibiotic alternatives.
... In fact, based on a 2011 report, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that world meat consumption will rise by 73% by 2050 (Alexandratos & Bruinsma, 2012), which will oblige poultry meat production to grow to 181 million metric tons or ~32% greater than 2022s value. While this surge is driven by the ever-expanding world human population that is expected to reach between 9 and 10 billion by 2050 (Suzuki, 2019), the Global Harvest Initiative and the National Research Council (NRC) indicated that meeting this future high nutritional demand will be very challenging as the current global agricultural productivity (GAP) index falls 6% short of the target when compounded over 40 years (Goldstein et al., 2015;Smith et al., 2015). Furthermore, agriculture in general and poultry in particular are at the heart of planetary boundaries, global environmental risks (climate change and global warming) (Alley et al., 2005;Chen et al., 2011;Mora et al., 2013;Thompson et al., 2006), and limited natural resources (land, energy, and water) (Akpoti, Kabo-Bah, & Zwart, 2019;Greve et al., 2018;McDonald et al., 2011;Schewe et al., 2014;Vorosmarty et al., 2000). ...
With climate change, selection for water efficiency and heat resilience are vitally important. We undertook this study to determine the effect of chronic cyclic heat stress (HS) on the hypothalamic expression profile of water homeostasis‐associated markers in high (HWE)‐ and low (LWE)‐water efficient chicken lines. HS significantly elevated core body temperatures of both lines. However, the amplitude was higher by 0.5–1°C in HWE compared to their LWE counterparts. HWE line drank significantly less water than LWE during both thermoneutral (TN) and HS conditions, and HS increased water intake in both lines with pronounced magnitude in LWE birds. HWE had better feed conversion ratio (FCR), water conversion ratio (WCR), and water to feed intake ratio. At the molecular level, the overall hypothalamic expression of aquaporins (AQP8 and AQP12), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and its related receptor AVP2R, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and calbindin 2 (CALB2) were significantly lower; however, CALB1 mRNA and AQP2 protein levels were higher in HWE compared to LWE line. Compared to TN conditions, HS exposure significantly increased mRNA abundances of AQPs (8, 12), AVPR1a, natriuretic peptide A (NPPA), angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE), CALB1 and 2, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 and 4 (TRPV1 and TRPV4) as well as the protein levels of AQP2, however it decreased that of AQP4 gene expression. A significant line by environment interaction was observed in several hypothalamic genes. Heat stress significantly upregulated AQP2 and SCT at mRNA levels and AQP1 and AQP3 at both mRNA and protein levels, but it downregulated that of AQP4 protein only in LWE birds. In HWE broilers, however, HS upregulated the hypothalamic expression of renin (REN) and AVPR1b genes and AQP5 proteins, but it downregulated that of AQP3 protein. The hypothalamic expression of AQP (5, 7, 10, and 11) genes was increased by HS in both chicken lines. In summary, this is the first report showing improvement of growth performances in HWE birds. The hypothalamic expression of several genes was affected in a line‐ and/or environment‐dependent manner, revealing potential molecular signatures for water efficiency and/or heat tolerance in chickens.
... This offers a great opportunity for waste valorizations, especially with respect to the chicken bone waste generated. Because of the increase in the consumption of poultry products, chicken production is estimated to reach 181 million tons by the year 2050 [79], an increase of 120.7% compared to the year 2005. This creates the background for improving waste management in a circular economy framework. ...
Food waste, particularly animal-derived waste, presents a significant challenge globally, prompting the need for sustainable management strategies. In 2022, the amount of food waste per capita reached 131 kg/capita in the EU (European Union), which is why the search for environmentally friendly ways to manage food waste through thermochemical conversion processes has gained momentum in recent years. Animal-derived waste is a good source of organic matter (proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) and mineral compounds (calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite). This composition makes animal-derived waste valuable for the extraction of chemical compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), which constitutes up to 70 wt% of animal bones; keratin; collagen; and hyaluronic acid (HA), to produce pharmaceutical, medical, or industrial by-products. The thermochemical conversion of chicken bones through pyrolysis and gasification creates a new opportunity to valorize this type of waste by reintroducing valuable by-products into the economy and thus achieving sustainable waste management objectives. The results of this study showcase the multiple applications of the pyrolysis of chicken bone waste products (as adsorbents in aqueous mediums, catalysts, fertilizers, and biomedical applications) and the necessity of a better exploration of the gasification process of chicken bone waste. Therefore, this study explores the properties of animal-derived waste and discusses the pyrolysis and gasification of chicken bone waste, the influence of process conditions on product yields, and the catalytic enhancement of these thermochemical processes.
... Data privacy raises question ownership, property rights and usage. On the other hand, business models could add value by converting spatially explicit big data into actionable information for farmers and regulatory authorities [241]. In addition, ICT will intensify responsibility and accountability challenges associated with new technologies. ...
... The poultry industry is crucial in producing meat and eggs to meet the global demand for animal-based food. By 2050, the global demand for chicken meat will more than double what it was in 2005, and the demand for chicken eggs will be nearly 40% higher [1]. The Brazilian poultry industry is responsible for an annual production of over 14 million tons of chicken meat destined for 151 countries, generating a gross production value exceeding 100 billion Brazilian reais [2]. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) application in agriculture provides rural poultry farmers with automated tools and decision support systems to increase productivity and profit. The integration of Edge, Fog, and Cloud Computing technologies in this scenario enables real-time data collection, processing, and analysis. This, in turn, empowers poultry farmers to make informed decisions, enhancing production efficiency and ensuring poultry quality. However, when implementing IoT devices, the challenge arises in dealing with a large volume of generated data. Delays in data transfer between the Edge, Fog, and Cloud layers can impact the system's real-time responsiveness. Slowness in the system's responsiveness can compromise performance, especially in poultry monitoring systems, which are time-sensitive, and an error could result in losses. This work proposes a Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) model to analyze the performance of an integrated smart poultry house with Edge, Fog, and Cloud Computing. The proposed model covers the analysis of metrics such as average response time, resource utilization, discard probability, and system throughput. Furthermore, the highly flexible model allows developers and system administrators to calibrate various parameters.
... The contribution of the livestock industry sector to the GDP of the rural agricultural sector is 55.4%, which has a 11.9% contribution in the GDP of Pakistan. The demand for poultry production is increasing globally, and by the year 2050, the demand for poultry meat will be more than double what it was in 2005, with the demand for chicken eggs being almost 40% greater [1]. However, raising chickens is not an easy task. ...
The farming of ground birds requires extensive labor for the timely feeding and watering of the birds, in addition to cleaning their manure. An autonomous farming system can not only reduce labor costs but can also ensure timely feeding and automatic watering. Moreover, IoT connectivity can help the farmer keep an eye on the birds while physically being away from the farming site. Inspired by this concept, this study presents the design and implementation of a smart autonomous cage for the farming of ground birds. A design of sensors based on ambient temperature and an air quality monitoring system, the mechatronic design of autonomous egg collection and a manure cleaning system are presented in this paper. A novel system control algorithm for the autonomous control of the smart cage is also presented.
... The majority of PLF systems enable the achievement and observation of livestock in real-time, as well as the management of the smallest and individual unit, frequently employing a single-animal method. This method makes it possible to raise and manage a larger number of animals while maintaining the level of care that could only be provided by using fewer animals defined in [46]. Single creature care and the executives are unimaginable on enormous poultry tasks that contain hundreds/a huge number of the birds, subsequently, the level of birds is checked utilizing PLF instruments, and other these information sources can be applied thus to evaluate herd wellbeing. ...
