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Global URI episodes in millions (A) and incidence rates per 100 000 population (B), by age, in 1990 and 2021 URI=upper respiratory infection.
Source publication
Background Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden o...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... all-age incidence rate of URI in 2021 was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0-183 289·4; appendix 2 p 5; figure 1). The highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). ...
Context 2
... highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). Among people aged 15 years and older, the age group with the largest incidence rate per 100 000 in 2021 was age 15-19 years (160 574·2 [111 176·9-216 450·9]), followed by 20-24 years (157 525·4 [112 631·9-214 581·1]), and 25-29 years (152 689·1 [110 765·7-207 683·7]). ...
Context 3
... all-age incidence rate of URI in 2021 was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0-183 289·4; appendix 2 p 5; figure 1). The highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). ...
Context 4
... highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). Among people aged 15 years and older, the age group with the largest incidence rate per 100 000 in 2021 was age 15-19 years (160 574·2 [111 176·9-216 450·9]), followed by 20-24 years (157 525·4 [112 631·9-214 581·1]), and 25-29 years (152 689·1 [110 765·7-207 683·7]). ...
Context 5
... all-age incidence rate of URI in 2021 was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0-183 289·4; appendix 2 p 5; figure 1). The highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). ...
Context 6
... highest incidence rate of URIs was seen in children aged 12-23 months (328 644·6 per 100 000 [249 094·0-420 845·1]), followed by those aged 6-11 months (313 772·9 per 100 000 [241 920·5-400 104·3]) and 1-5 months (295 690·7 [237 157·2-359 466·6]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). The largest count of URI episodes was seen in children aged 5-9 years (1·50 billion [1·02-2·06]), followed by those aged 2-4 years (1·18 billion [0·857-1·54]) and 10-14 years (1·14 billion [0·793-1·57]; appendix 2 p 5; figure 2). Among people aged 15 years and older, the age group with the largest incidence rate per 100 000 in 2021 was age 15-19 years (160 574·2 [111 176·9-216 450·9]), followed by 20-24 years (157 525·4 [112 631·9-214 581·1]), and 25-29 years (152 689·1 [110 765·7-207 683·7]). ...
Citations
... Respiratory tract infections form most of the common illnesses in younger populations and are usually difficult to differentiate between viral and bacterial. 134,148,149 Hence, antibiotics are mostly prescribed empirically. This may have a catastrophic impact on the future of antimicrobial medicines and their efficacy. ...
Introduction
The inappropriate prescribing and use of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Zambia, there is a paucity of information on the prescribing patterns and use of antibiotics among hospitalized patients in level 1 hospitals. This study investigated antibiotic use in five level 1 hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study utilized the World Health Organization (WHO) Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) methodology among in-patients admitted in level 1 hospitals before 08:00 a.m. on the survey day in August 2024. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0.
Results
The prevalence of antibiotic use among inpatients was 59.0%, with ceftriaxone being the most prescribed. Antibiotics were prescribed mainly for paediatrics and male inpatients. This study found that 53.0% of prescribed antibiotics were from the Access group while 38.2% were from the Watch group of the World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification. Adherence to national treatment guidelines was 36.0%, with most antibiotics prescribed empirically without evidence of culture and sensitivity tests.
Conclusion
This study found a high use of antibiotics and low adherence to treatment guidelines in level 1 hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to establish and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programs and strengthen laboratory capacity to aid clinicians in diagnosing, treating, and managing patients across level 1 hospitals in Zambia.
... In 2021, the global incidence rate of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) was 162,484.8 per 100,000 people. The highest rates were observed in children under 2 years old, while the most episodes occurred in children aged 5 to 9 years [4]. ...
Background
Respiratory tract infection (RTI) has been a predominant health problem worldwide, including Ethiopia. It is one of the major causes of under-five mortality in Ethiopia, accountable for 18% of total deaths. Nationwide studies on the incidence of respiratory infections and maternal risk factors are limited. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the incidence and predictors of respiratory infections among infants aged less than six months in Ethiopia, 2023.
Methods
This was a retrospective follow up study using data from Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA Ethiopia). A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select a total 2,246 eligible study participants from 206 enumeration areas. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent predictors of respiratory tract infection incidence. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p value < 0.05 were used to declare statically significant associations between variables.
Results
The incidence rate of respiratory tract infections among birth cohorts was 22.99 per 1000 infant weeks of observation. Infants born from mothers who sustained convulsion during labor had nearly doubled [AHR = 1.65, 95%CI (1.20, 2.28)] hazard or risk of developing respiratory tract infections than their counterparts. Similarly, infants born from mothers having prolonged labor (more than 12 h) had one and half times [AHR = 1.48, 95%CI (1.13, 1.93)] increased risk of developing respiratory tract infections as compared to their counterparts.
Conclusion
The incidence of respiratory tract infections is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Infants born to mothers with prolonged labor and convulsions need closer monitoring for early signs of respiratory tract infections.
... DALYs quantify the health impact of a disease by measuring the years of healthy life lost due to the condition, combining years of life lost (YLL) from premature death and years lived with disability (YLD) into a single metric: DALYs = YLL + YLD. Per the GBD algorithm, 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all estimates were obtained by averaging data from 500 draws with replacement, with the interval limits set by the 2.5th and 97.5th ranked values among all draws [21]. In addition, the mean estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs), and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine temporal trends through a linear regression model [22]. ...
Background
Life expectancy at age 70 has continued to rise globally over the past 30 years. However, a comprehensive assessment of the burden of COPD in older adults is lacking. We aimed to estimate the burden of COPD and its attributable risk factors among adults aged ≥70 years.
Methods
Data on the prevalence, incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors of COPD among adults aged ≥70 years from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories, were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to illustrate temporal trends at global and regional levels from 1990 to 2021.
Results
In 2021, the global numbers of prevalent and incident COPD cases among older adults were 99.7 and 7.4 million, increasing by 162.2% and 157.4% from 1990. The prevalence and incidence rates increased from 18823.5 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 16324.4–21208.4) to 20165.6 (17703.8–22549.4) and 1429.0 (1224.2–1613.0) to 1502.7 (1309.0–1677.9) per 100,000 population (EAPC 0.31, 95% CI 0.28–0.33; 0.17, 95% CI 0.16–0.19). The global numbers of COPD-associated deaths and DALYs in 2021 reached 2.9 and 45.4 million, increasing by 70.7% and 70.0% from 2019, while the corresponding rates declined (both EAPC <0). The highest prevalence and the largest increase in incidence rate occurred in high sociodemographic index (SDI) regions, while the largest increase in death and DALY rates occurred in the low SDI regions. The United States had the highest prevalence rates in 2021, while Iran had the largest increase. From 1990 to 2021, the death rates attributable to ambient ozone pollution-related COPD in older adults have risen, particularly in low and low-middle SDI regions.
Conclusion
COPD in older adults has progressively become a global health challenge with rising prevalence and incidence rates. Although the death and DALY rates attributed to COPD have globally decreased in older adults, the absolute counts are rapidly increasing. The inequalities across different regions and countries underscore a multi-faceted approach to COPD management in older adults.
... Patients with COPD are at a heightened risk of experiencing comorbid conditions. Subsequently, these patients may exhibit poor outcomes and increased mortality rates (Peltola et al. 2020, Bender et al. 2024. The typical symptoms of COPD include dyspnea, chronic cough, and sputum production. ...
Highlights:1. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of various factors such as age, sex, education, occupation, BMI, and comorbidities, and their relationship with bacterial infections in COPD patients experiencing exacerbation and type 2 respiratory failure.2. While the COPD patients experiencing exacerbation did not exhibit resistance to linezolid and vancomycin, they demonstrated specific antibiotic resistance patterns characterized by high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics such as meropenem and amikacin.3. The findings enhance the understanding of the complex interplay of factors influencing infection patterns in this patient population. Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent condition characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Bacterial infections may trigger COPD exacerbations, leading to more severe symptoms as well as increased morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profiles and antibiotic resistance in COPD patients who had experienced exacerbation and type 2 respiratory failure at Adam Malik Central General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. This retrospective study utilized medical records spanning from January 1, 2020, to December 1, 2022. The sample included patients aged 40–90 years who had experienced COPD exacerbation and type 2 respiratory failure. The exclusion criteria were patients who had received antibiotic therapy within 48 hours before admission, were severely immunocompromised, and had severe malignancy. The analysis results were presented in the form of means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions. Additionally, an analysis of the relationship between the categorical variables was performed using the Chi-squared test (p<0.05). The study analyzed 25 subjects with an average age of 63.6 years, primarily consisting of men (84%). It was shown that severe exacerbations were prevalent (92%), accompanied by the presence of common comorbidities including pneumonia (52%), diabetes mellitus (32%), and other non-communicable diseases (44%). Bacterial growth was observed in 76% of the subjects, predominantly involving Gram-negative bacteria (89.4%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.1%) were the most frequently isolated species. The antibiotic resistance patterns indicated that meropenem and amikacin had the highest resistance rates (100%). Cefepime, ertapenem, and gentamicin exhibited notable resistance rates of 66.7%, 66.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. This study highlights the high prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria and significant antibiotic resistance in COPD patients who exhibit exacerbation and type 2 respiratory failure.
... However, despite the current advances in science and medicine, pneumonia, a treatable and preventable disease described since ancient times, continues to be a major cause of mortality all over the world (1). According to the 2021 Global Burden of Disease report, 2.1 million people died of pneumonia in that year (2); children under five years and adults over 70 continued to be the most vulnerable populations, with more than 500,000 and 1 million pneumonia-related deaths respectively (2). Added to the enormous burden of this pathology is the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); according to the 2019 GBD report 1.27 million deaths were attributable to bacterial AMR in that year (3), and one in five deaths caused by AMR occurred in children under five years old. ...
... However, despite the current advances in science and medicine, pneumonia, a treatable and preventable disease described since ancient times, continues to be a major cause of mortality all over the world (1). According to the 2021 Global Burden of Disease report, 2.1 million people died of pneumonia in that year (2); children under five years and adults over 70 continued to be the most vulnerable populations, with more than 500,000 and 1 million pneumonia-related deaths respectively (2). Added to the enormous burden of this pathology is the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); according to the 2019 GBD report 1.27 million deaths were attributable to bacterial AMR in that year (3), and one in five deaths caused by AMR occurred in children under five years old. ...
