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According to NASA and IPCC, Global temperature has increased by 1.4 oF since 1880, CO2 levels has reached 400.71 parts per billion, loss of world’s forest cover between the period 2000 and 2012 is 1.5 million square km, reduction of land ice 287 billion metric ton per year, sea level rise is 3.2 mm per year and loss of arctic ice cover at the rate...
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... million years ago earth's CO2 level was greater than 1000 ppm and the average global atmospheric temperature during the evaluation of mammals and dinosaurs was about22 o C whereas today's global average temperature is 15 o C (MacRae, 2008) see figure 1. Several parts of Arctic and Antarctica were ice free and flourished with ancient trees and animals. ...
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... compressed CO2 can be injected underground using pipe line, suitable geological formation for CO2 sequestration are depleted oil & gas fields, solid, porous rock such as sandstone, shale, dolomite, basalt, or deep coal seams and saline formations. More precisely one or more layers below cap rock could be the ideal place which prevents the upward migration of CO2 after being injected (see figure 10) (Adapted from 'EPA CCS,' 2015). ...
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Citations
... Increasing concerns about global warming, climate change, and fuel shortages make it essential for future transportation systems to focus on sustainability and efficiency [1,2]. It should be emphasized that the environmental benefits of electric vehicles are crucially dependent on the ecological sourcing of electricity. ...
In hub-motor electric vehicles (HMEVs), performance is adversely affected by the mechanical-electromagnetic coupling effect arising from deformations of the air gap in the Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motor (PM BLDC), which are exacerbated by varying road conditions. In this paper, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for HMEVs equipped with air suspension (AS) is introduced to enhance ride comfort. Firstly, an 18-degree of freedom (DOF) full-vehicle model incorporating unbalanced electromagnetic forces (UEMFs) induced by motor eccentricities is developed and experimentally validated. Additionally, a Minimum Model Error Extended Kalman Filter (MME-EKF) observer is designed to estimate unmeasurable state variables and account for errors resulting from sprung mass variations. To further improve vehicle performance, the MPC optimization objective is formulated by considering the suspension damping force and dynamic displacement constraints, solving for the optimal suspension force within a rolling time domain. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MPC approach significantly improves ride comfort, effectively mitigates coupling effects in hub driving motors, and ensures that suspension dynamic stroke adheres to safety criteria. Comparative analyses indicate that the MPC controller outperforms conventional PID control, achieving substantial reductions of approximately 41.59% in sprung mass vertical acceleration, 14.29% in motor eccentricity, 1.78% in tire dynamic load, 17.65% in roll angular acceleration, and 16.67% in pitch angular acceleration.
... Climate change refers to observable variations in the climate system, largely driven by human activities that alter the atmospheric composition of the earth and contribute to global warming. Global warming is intrinsically linked to climate change, particularly through the imbalance in natural and man-made greenhouse gases (GHGs), which have been globally identified as the main cause of the warming of the atmosphere and oceans (Sivaramanan, 2015). It is regarded as one of the most critical environmental challenges facing the global population (Kasperson et al., 2022), though debates surrounding the issue are longstanding and have expanded beyond the scientific community to international political and diplomatic arenas (Capstick et al., 2015;Gao et al., 2017). ...
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the public perception and adaptation to climate change in Moro Local Government, Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of 60 questionnaires were administered across five settlements. Findings revealed that 45% of respondents had heard about climate change, though awareness levels varied, with Igbo Oreku showing the highest awareness (11.7%) and Okete the lowest (3.3%). About 90% of respondents acknowledged changes in rainfall patterns and temperature, which significantly had impact on their agricultural operations. Majority (75%) noted that the dry season had lengthened, and 78.3% observed a shift in planting times due to reduced rainfall. While only 40% acknowledged contributing to climate change through deforestation, 46.7% were willing to adopt adaptation strategies like reducing wood burning and participating in environmental campaigns. The study concludes that climate change adaptation must address local socioeconomic realities and be supported by targeted policies. Recommendations include increasing public awareness through local government-led education programs, promoting sustainable practices, and enhancing collaboration between local authorities, NGOs and communities.
... It was reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), in 2013, that the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere has grown dramatically from 280 parts per million(ppm) (Before the industrial revolution) to over 400 ppm (Current level), growing at a rate of about 1.5 to 2.0 parts per year. The concentration of CO 2 may even surpass 1000 ppm by the end of this century (Sivaramanan, 2015;Abzar et al., 2018). The higher atmospheric CO 2 concentration may drastically impact the structure and function of natural and managed ecosystems (Wand et al., 1999;Zhang et al., 2011). ...
In the current climate-changing scenario with a steadily rising CO2 concentration, there is a chance that crop performance will be affected in terms of growth, yield, and quality. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a glasshouse using a randomized complete block design with four replications to investigate the effect of short and long-term elevated CO2 on growth performance and chemical markers of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. The CO2 in the glasshouse was gradually elevated from 400 ppm to 1800 ppm weekly. The plants were exposed to elevated CO2 for four months (T1), two months (T2), and one month (T3), while the control plants (T4) were grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2) levels to assess the effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) on stevia crop growth performance and steviol glycosides content. The number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per branch, and plant biomass were found to be significantly increased under eCO2 treatment over aCO2 treatment. The eCO2 increased photosynthetic rate by 46% for T1, 45% for T2, and 29% for T3 over control plants (T4) at 3rd month of planting. The enhancement in photosynthesis is attributed to an increase in stevioside; with a 33% increase for T1 28.83% for T2 and 11% for T3 over aCO2. Similarly, the rebaudiosides A were also significantly increased by 32.8% for T1, 25% for T2, and 15% for T3 compared to the control under aCO2. Based on our findings, we concluded that eCO2 levels positively influenced the growth, biomass, and glycoside content by enhancing the physiological performance of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.
... Pemanasan global terjadi akibat emisi gas rumah kaca dalam jumlah besar yang menyebabkan energi panas matahari terperangkap di atmosfer. Pemanasan global yang terjadi secara terus-menerus dapat menyebabkan perubahan iklim (Sivaramanan, 2015;Zhong, 2016;Insusanty et al., 2017). Salah satu penyebab pemanasan global yang terjadi di Provinsi Riau yaitu adanya alih fungsi lahan dan hutan yang dalam prosesnya dilakukan dengan cara pembakaran, khususnya pada lahan gambut. ...
The traditional agroforestry industry is part of the Forestry and Other Land Use Net Sink 2030 (FOLU Net Sink 2030) strategy for low carbon development and climate resilience in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the value of biomass, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration in traditional agroforestry systems in Rimbo Panjang Village, Kampar. Six plots (each measuring 20 x 20 meters) are used; three of the plots are 15 years old and three are 9 years old, respectively, for the conventional agroforestry system. Biomass, carbon stock and carbon sequestration were estimated at the tree, pole and sapling levels. Biomass calculations used allometric equations based on diameter at breast height (DBH) data. The results showed that carbon sequestration in Dusun 2 (618.2 tons/ha) was greater than in Dusun 1 (399 tons/ha), with an average carbon sequestration in both dusun of 508.6 tons/ha. Trees contribute the highest value of biomass, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration, which is 74%, The difference in the value of biomass, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration in traditional agroforestry systems in Rimbo Panjang Village is significantly influenced by the average stem diameter. The various trees that make up traditional agroforestry in Rimbo Panjang Kampar, which is generally in the yard, should ideally be maintained and developed because of their high carbon sequestration potential.
... The resulting effects include rising sea levels, warming oceans, shrinking glaciers, and shifting glacier coverage. More dramatic and impactful events linked to global warming are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, forest fires, and increased heat (Sivaramanan, 2015). ...
Global warming and the resulting climate change are increasingly affecting cities. The increase in temperature and the increasing amount of rainfall, which affect our comfort conditions and shape the design of the built environment, cause permanent damages in cities and jeopardize life safety. The Eastern Black Sea Region, which receives the highest rainfall in Türkiye, has faced serious disasters due to increased rainfall in recent years. This rainwater, which is transported to the sea through streambeds, can be controlled by different methods and used where necessary. In this study for Rize city, which is the rainiest province of our country, it is aimed to investigate the rainwater reuse possibilities and to evaluate the systems that can be applied on building roofs. In this regard, RTE University Zihni Derin Campus, which has a high user density and has deficiencies in terms of rain harvesting applications, was selected as the study area. In the first stage of the study, examples in the literature in the context of rain harvesting in educational buildings were examined, then the current situation in the context of water conservation / consumption in the study area was revealed and sample systems that can be used in buildings on the campus were specified. It is thought that the study will guide the applications to be made for recycling the water to be obtained with increased precipitation and using it in different areas.
... Global warming, which refers to the rise in average atmospheric temperatures, is a pressing concern with profound implications for humanity and the planet Earth. Human activities, such as agriculture, industrialization, deforestation, and transportation, are the primary causes of global warming, releasing excessive greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) (Sivaramanan 2015;Achimugwu et al. 2023). These gases act like a blanket around the Earth, trapping heat from the sun and causing atmospheric temperatures to rise. ...
Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions and rising temperatures, poses a significant environmental, societal, and economic threat. Accurate predictions of future climate trends are crucial for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study presents a novel data-driven dynamical model to forecast climate trends in Nairobi, Kenya. The model uses historical climate data for Nairobi County to simulate future carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, photosynthetic biomass density, human population density, and atmospheric temperature. The model equations are solved numerically using fourth and fifth-order Runge–Kutta methods. The study employs a least-squares curve fitting technique implemented through MATLAB’s lsqcurvefit function to calibrate the model parameters and achieve a close fit to the historical data. This approach yields a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0884 for average atmospheric temperature (T) simulations, indicating a close fit to the historical data. Optimal values of the model parameters are then estimated from the fitting algorithm. The model projects a concerning scenario of potentially increasing CO2 emissions and atmospheric accumulation in the long term. However, a decrease in CO2 concentration below 400 ppm is predicted starting from May 2024. This finding necessitates further investigation into potential drivers like carbon sequestration and technological advancements in carbon capture. The model forecasts a rapid rise in average atmospheric temperature, reaching 32 ∘C in January 2025 from a baseline of 17.5 ∘C in September 2024, followed by a sharp decline. This suggests an accelerated warming trend, potentially linked to intensified ocean heat uptake or approaching climate tipping points. These findings provide valuable insights into potential climate trends specific to Nairobi, highlighting the urgency of immediate climate change mitigation actions.
... Organic waste produces 30% of global methane (Adhikari et al., 2006), a greenhouse gas with a significantly higher warming potential than carbon dioxide (Ford et al., 2012;Saderne et al., 2023). The methane from organic waste decomposition contributes to global warming by causing rising sea levels, harsh weather, and ocean acidification (Sivaramanan, 2015;Roy, 2023). Many global measures have been implemented to solve this growing problem. ...
Purpose: Globally, Colombia is recognized as a coffee-growing country par excellence, which entails generating a large amount of coffee waste. This narrative study aims to review the possible use of such coffee waste to obtain nutrient-rich compost following key composting processes. The final is to investigate the importance and suitability of this compost type.
Method: The data collected for this study were from reviewing the scientific literature and research reports available in many reputable academic databases, i.e., Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. Reputable academic search engines like Google Scholar and ResearchGate were used to access relevant research and high-quality scientific documents.
Results: The result revealed that using combinations of agro-industrial coffee waste when composted can be applied in agriculture because it provides wide-ranging nutrients, which can fertilize soil, accelerate plant growth, and even improve the nutrient content of vegetables. The SCGs used in agriculture prevent improper waste disposal by decreasing the pollution caused by the degradation of SCGs’ toxic components. Here we explore and review composting processes containing coffee waste.
Conclusion: Employing coffee waste for compost implies benefits compared to landfills. The conversion of this coffee biomass waste into compost, and using it as a soil amendment, can reduce the waste volume, improve soil physico-chemical properties, enhance the nutrient use efficiency of crops, and correct the typical soil acidity of Colombian soils used for coffee production.
... Droughts, crop failures, and an increase in vector-borne diseases are on the rise, and waterborne infections are having an indirect impact on people's health, [10], [14]. In addition to rising water levels due to melting glaciers, there are more threats, such as flooding in coastal cities. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate global warming awareness among Applied science Private University students. A total of 365 students were tested using a questionnaire covering four aspects of global warming including causes, effects, evidence, and solutions. The study included students of science and humanities faculties in all academic years of both sexes, and a significant dependency ratio (p < 0.05) was recorded. The results showed that female students had greater knowledge of the global warming effect than male students, that academically superior students with excellent grades had more knowledge of the four aspects covered by the questionnaire than their lower-level peers, and that students from science colleges were more familiar than humanities students with the causes. and solutions related to global warming. In addition, students who received environmental development courses at the university were more knowledgeable than the rest of the students about the effect, cause, and evidence of global warming, which indicates a direct positive effect of university education.
... MSW composting in Indore and a large-scale aerobic device in Mumbai were installed in India in 1994 to control 500 metric tons of MSW [44]. These are the two examples of operational large-scale composting ingenuities in India [47]. By 2008, composting had been used to treat 9% of India's MSW [44]. ...
Composting is the most adaptable and fruitful method for managing biodegradable solid wastes; it is a crucial agricultural practice that contributes to recycling farm and agricultural wastes. Composting is profitable for various plant, animal, and synthetic wastes, from residential bins to large corporations. Composting and agricultural waste management (AWM) practices flourish in developing countries, especially Pakistan. Composting has advantages over other AWM practices, such as landfilling agricultural waste, which increases the potential for pollution of groundwater by leachate, while composting reduces water contamination. Furthermore, waste is burned, open-dumped on land surfaces, and disposed of into bodies of water, leading to environmental and global warming concerns. Among AWM practices, composting is an environment-friendly and cost-effective practice for agricultural waste disposal. This review investigates improved AWM via various conventional and emerging composting processes and stages: composting, underlying mechanisms, and factors that influence composting of discrete crop residue, municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomedical waste (BMW). Additionally, this review describes and compares conventional and emerging composting. In the conclusion, current trends and future composting possibilities are summarized and reviewed. Recent developments in composting for AWM are highlighted in this critical review; various recommendations are developed to aid its technological growth, recognize its advantages, and increase research interest in composting processes.
... Angin kencang (badai atau topan) merupakan bentuk kondisi ekstrim suhu permukaan laut yang meningkat karena pemanasan global, sehingga meningkatkan kecepatan angin (Sivaramanan, 2015). Saat angin maksimum dengan kecepatan yang sangat tinggi (lebih dari 120 km/jam) maka terbentuklah angin kencang (di Atlantik disebut badai sedangkan di Pasifik dikenal dengan angin topan). ...
... Kekeringan, gelombang panas, kebakaran hutan, banjir dan tanah longsor merupakan peristiwa yang sebagian besar memiliki korelasi positif dengan perubahan iklim global (Sivaramanan, 2015). Bencana alam tersebut telah menyebabkan kerugian materil dan moril bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian pada manusia yang tidak sedikit. ...
Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan terbesar didunia yang memiliki luas laut 6,32 juta km2 dan daratan 1,91 juta km2. Wilayah daratan meliputi 17.504 pulau yang terdiri dari pulau besar dan kecil. Panjang garis pantai Indonesia sekitar 95.181 km dan nomor empat terpanjang setelah Canada, Amerika Serikat dan Rusia. Di wilayah ini terkandung beraneka ragam sumberdaya alam baik yang tidak dapat diperbaharui (seperti bahan-bahan tambang), maupun yang dapat diperbaharui (seperti berbagai jenis tumbuhan dan hewan laut, dan berbagai jenis tumbuhan dan hewan yang hidup di daerah teresterial maupun mangrove).
Di balik besarnya kekayaan alam yang dimiliki, ancaman terhadap degradasi sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan Indonesia juga tidak kalah besar. Ancaman tersebut ada yang merupakan akibat aktivitas manusia yang bersifat destruktif, dinamika alam yang berkesinambungan menuju kondisi stabil, namun ada juga akumulasi aktivitas manusia yang secara terus-menerus dan masif sehingga mengaselerasi perobahan alam. Salah satu bentuk ancaman yang perlahan tapi pasti yang dapat mendegradasi sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan, bahkan mengancam Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan adalah perobahan iklim akibat pemanasan global.
