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George Floyd's face overlaid on General Lee's statue on Monument Avenue, Richmond, photo: Internet, New York Post June 10, 2020.
Source publication
This article is intended as an openly polemic response to the state-sanctioned murder of George
Floyd and the propulsion of Black Lives Matter struggles across the United States and around the
globe. It specifically addresses these issues within the framework of the contested
monumentalization and consecration of white supremacy in the codification...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... also catalyzes on the civic terrain a possible step toward the repossession of blackness in Monument Avenue vis-a-vis America's tragically defined nationalist landscape. On June 4, responding to the massive outpouring of devasted anger over Floyd's death, Virginia's governor Ralph Northam pledged to remove the iconic statue of General Lee (Figure 3). This historic decision, if and when implemented, will change the meaning of D.C.'s White nationalist landscape, stinging its Whiteness just a little, or rather indicating the very long road toward another possibility. ...
Context 2
... other communities and peoples are calling out for a rendezvous with and a recognition of history and the myriad disgraceful, supremacist, settler-colonial, and oppressive landscapes. Today, the masses demand the removal of controversial Confederate statues across the country; terrible statues saturated with the glorifications of injustice such as the Robert E. Lee equestrian statue (Figure 3) in Richmond Virginia or the Texas Rangers in Dallas. In global communities such as those in France, England and Belgium, protestors have also called for the confiscation of their Colonial statues. ...
Context 3
... also catalyzes on the civic terrain a possible step toward the repossession of blackness in Monument Avenue vis-a-vis America's tragically defined nationalist landscape. On June 4, responding to the massive outpouring of devasted anger over Floyd's death, Virginia's governor Ralph Northam pledged to remove the iconic statue of General Lee (Figure 3). This historic decision, if and when implemented, will change the meaning of D.C.'s White nationalist landscape, stinging its Whiteness just a little, or rather indicating the very long road toward another possibility. ...
Context 4
... other communities and peoples are calling out for a rendezvous with and a recognition of history and the myriad disgraceful, supremacist, settler-colonial, and oppressive landscapes. Today, the masses demand the removal of controversial Confederate statues across the country; terrible statues saturated with the glorifications of injustice such as the Robert E. Lee equestrian statue (Figure 3) in Richmond Virginia or the Texas Rangers in Dallas. In global communities such as those in France, England and Belgium, protestors have also called for the confiscation of their Colonial statues. ...
Context 5
... also catalyzes on the civic terrain a possible step toward the repossession of blackness in Monument Avenue vis-a-vis America's tragically defined nationalist landscape. On June 4, responding to the massive outpouring of devasted anger over Floyd's death, Virginia's governor Ralph Northam pledged to remove the iconic statue of General Lee (Figure 3). This historic decision, if and when implemented, will change the meaning of D.C.'s White nationalist landscape, stinging its Whiteness just a little, or rather indicating the very long road toward another possibility. ...
Context 6
... other communities and peoples are calling out for a rendezvous with and a recognition of history and the myriad disgraceful, supremacist, settler-colonial, and oppressive landscapes. Today, the masses demand the removal of controversial Confederate statues across the country; terrible statues saturated with the glorifications of injustice such as the Robert E. Lee equestrian statue (Figure 3) in Richmond Virginia or the Texas Rangers in Dallas. In global communities such as those in France, England and Belgium, protestors have also called for the confiscation of their Colonial statues. ...
Citations
... Penning-Rowsell & Lowenthal (1986) highlights the benefits of integrating diverse perspectives into landscape architecture, which include promoting environmental justice, enriching research and innovation, addressing globalization and international practice, and advancing social and cultural sustainability. Expanding academic and professional networks to include a wide range of demographic diversity will empower landscape architects to devise innovative solutions for various pressing social and environmental challenges (Samayeen et al., 2022). Signs of substantive change are already visible, thanks to initiatives like the Landscape Architecture Foundation's fellowship programs and changes in academic accreditation standards that aim to diversify both students and faculty in landscape architecture (Rafi et al., 2020). ...
... Creating a more diverse and inclusive landscape architecture profession remains a pressing challenge (Penning-Rowsell & Lowenthal, 1986). Initiatives like the Olmsted Scholars Program in the United States actively address this issue by offering scholarships and mentorship opportunities to underrepresented groups (Samayeen et al., 2022). These efforts not only foster inclusivity but also enrich the profession by introducing diverse cultural perspectives into design practices (Rafi et al., 2020). ...
This study briefly focuses on the history of landscape architecture education. It examines the initiatives preceding the formal establishment of the field, including early attempts and the official opening of academic programs. The study highlights the contributions of pioneering figures who played essential roles in shaping the education process. It addresses changes in curriculum and pedagogy over time, particularly the influence of modernism and the integration of sustainability into the
discipline. Additionally, it explores the challenges and innovations within landscape architecture education, such as the impact of the digital age, the growth of interdisciplinary approaches, and the expansion of the professional sphere.
... Since the 1960s, social movements and civil society actors have played an increasingly important role in challenging existing toponymic orders in urban spaces (Samayeen et al., 2022). Reflecting on the changes of power relations between political elites and civil society in democratic environments, Rose-Reedwood and his colleagues (2017: 11) emphasize the relevance of 'cultural arena [s]' that evolve around questions of naming streets where conflicts emerge about 'what histories and whose identities are to be recognized or ignored.' ...
Toponymic struggles are about forms of civic belonging that street names enable or prevent. Drawing on a moral economy perspective, this article examines similarities and differences between struggles over street names in the Spanish city of Murcia and the South African metropolis of Johannesburg. In contrasting these cases, a paradox becomes apparent: While actors in toponymic struggles have to evoke moral goods such as inclusivity, fairness and neutrality to advocate for change or in defense of the status quo, these values are rendered suspect in the very same process. Nonetheless, in the examined cases toponymic struggles lead in part to more inclusive solutions than those originally expected by actors that face each other as adversaries in the local moral economy of toponymic struggles. The article is based on intensive field research in both areas of study, including participant observation, qualitative interviews, online ethnography, and an analysis of newspaper articles and policy documents.
... Although matters relating to equity, diversity, and inclusion have been important for generations, the impact of discrimination and racism sharpened after George Floyd was murdered by white police officers while in police custody in Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA), in May 2020. Floyd's murder sparked social protests internationally and calls for change, including antiracism education, policy, and practice (see Dreyer et al., 2020;Samayeen et al., 2022). There is an entire section of this handbook dedicated to discussing equity, diversity, inclusion, decolonization, and Indigenization in more depth. ...
... Studies have established that hashtag activism indeed engages ordinary people (Castells, 2015), including the oppressed people resisting racism (Clayton, 2018;Maraj et al., 2018), and the assaulted and victimised voices calling for an end to police brutality and killings (Awopetu and Chiluwa, 2023;Gunerigok and Hernandez, 2020;Hon, 2015;Samayeen et al., 2022). Moreover, some vulnerable individuals mobilising against terrorist attacks have also resorted to social media (Chiluwa and Ifukor, 2015;Johansson et al., 2018), while others have utilised the affordances of technology for political resistance Fang, 2015). ...
This study analyses the narrative structure of the #PantamiMustGo hashtag activism in Nigeria. Applying qualitative textual analysis, the study examines the issues that were made salient in the protests and how they were constructed. Through the analysis of narrative agency, the study finds that activists constructed Ali Pantami as a threat to national security and called for his resignation. Two discourse structures were salient in the discursive construction of Ali Pantami and the Buhari government, namely the use of comparison to link the past with the present and the use of labelling as means of constructing social and political insecurity in Nigeria. This study contributes to stressing the role of social media in political activism through narrative agency analysis in the process of negotiating change by people who feel threatened by the apparatus of the state.
... Although matters relating to equity, diversity, and inclusion have been important for generations, the impact of discrimination and racism sharpened after George Floyd was murdered by white police officers while in police custody in Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA), in May 2020. Floyd's murder sparked social protests internationally and calls for change, including antiracism education, policy, and practice (see Dreyer et al., 2020;Samayeen et al., 2022). There is an entire section of this handbook dedicated to discussing equity, diversity, inclusion, decolonization, and Indigenization in more depth. ...
The purpose of this chapter is to compare and contrast approaches to student academic integrity in the USA and Canada. To explore the points of difference, we explore five aspects of academic integrity which are addressed differently in the USA and Canada: (1) higher education governance; (2) quality assurance and accreditation; (3) honor codes versus an honor culture; (4) academic misconduct case management, sanctioning, and appeals; and (5) equity, diversity, inclusion, decolonization, and Indigenization.
... Since 2015, however, flights in support of asylum seekers and refugees concerned (Taylor, 2021 (Punja, 2016). The core aims of the group have not changed considerably since its early inception; challenging unjust and discriminatory legislation, policy and practices, and supporting the victims of said legislation, policy and practices through legal advice (JCWI, n.d.; Kofman, 1999;Cashmore & McLaughlin, 1991;Hayter, 2014;Fekete, 2016 (Samayeen et al., 2020;Mohdin et al., 2020;BBC News, 2020). Notably, this wave led to the toppling of several statues of famous colonial-era individuals in a bid to oppose ongoing colonialist practices in the UK, leading to the establishment of a Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm and a review into the 'appropriateness of local monuments and statues on public land and council property' (Dray, 2021). ...
In recent years, the rise of right-wing populism and post-truth politics has created a dangerous cocktail, enabling ‘immigration’ and ‘anti-racism’ to be framed within dominant political and media coverage in such a way that it stigmatises and marginalises foreign nationals migrating to the United Kingdom, replicating social injustice. Several activist groups within the broader anti-racist movement are engaging in contemporary forms of video activism alongside protest action to resist and challenge these frames and framing processes.
This thesis makes the necessary four-way theoretical and methodological links between hegemony, qualitative frame analysis, video activism and knowledge production to explore the ways in which dominant framings of immigration are resisted by the broader anti-racist movement. Using a broad framework combining film theory/studies and cinematography, the analysis of the visual strategies employed by eight activist groups within this movement within video activist footage disseminated on YouTube and Facebook provides unique insights into the groups themselves, and the various stylistic, shot, angling, sound and editing strategies employed that open up opportunities for framing. A further qualitative, and discursive, frame analysis explores the various frames that are used by the groups through video activism itself; persecution, hardship, heroism, empowerment, incompetence and anti-racism; producing different new knowledges surrounding organisational knowledges of the movement (including collective identity), social injustice in general, dominant hegemonic narratives, and, most importantly, the struggles of migrants and refugees.
In doing so, it makes significant contribution to knowledge by proposing three unique typologies to demonstrate how the contemporary hegemonic post-truth narratives surrounding immigration can be, and are being, resisted in order to reinforce social justice.
... Un hecho que resulta interesante de analizar es que la manera en que se derrumbó la estatua de Belalcázar en Popayán, fue muy similar a la manera en que se derribó la estatua de Cristóbal Colón en Baltimore en medio de las protestas por el cruel No.44, octubre-diciembre 2022Tabula Rasa. Bogotá -Colombia, No.44: 23-40, octubre-diciembre 2022ISSN 1794-2489-E-ISSN 2011-2742 asesinato de George Floyd (Samayeen, Wong & McCarthy, 2020); el derribo de la estatua de Colón fue el 5 de julio del 2020, casi dos meses antes del evento del Morro de Tulcán. ...
Este artículo explora la transición simbólica que se da actualmente en varias partes de América del Sur y que está relacionada con el cambio de paradigma que indica el colapso de las narrativas fundadoras de los Estados nacionales de la región. En específico, se discute un marco para comprender las recientes iniciativas de comunidades étnicas de Colombia que exhortan a la anulación de los referentes materiales, como estatuas de los conquistadores tomados como fundadores de la cultura del Estado nación colombiano. Se discute cómo estas acciones deben ser comprendidas dentro de un proceso histórico de resistencia emanado de las comunidades locales, que inició con las dinámicas de la primera globalización en el siglo XVI. De esta suerte, los reclamos de comunidades étnicas por el derrumbe de los referentes históricos de la fundación de la nación, deben comprenderse en una perspectiva histórica y política.
... Floyd's killing at the hands of the police sparked outrage across the United States and around the world, amplifying longstanding calls for racial justice and dismantling the structures of white supremacy, anti-Black racism, and anti-Indigenous colonialism. In the months that followed Floyd's death, calls to remove statues, monuments, and place names honoring the legacies of colonizers, slaveowners, and white supremacists gained a heightened sense of urgency (Atuire 2020;Samayeen et al. 2020;Abraham 2021;Moulton 2021). In numerous cities, governmental authorities officially removed monuments and renamed places (Mathias 2020). ...
Public debates and controversies over monuments, memorials, and place names have become contentious focal points for struggles over historical memory and social identity. This special issue critically examines the spatial politics involved in the making, unmaking, and remaking of memoryscapes conceived as assemblages of memory-objects, practices, and imaginaries that relationally constitute memory/spaces. The contributions consider how particular conceptions of the past are interwoven into the memoryscapes of the present in an attempt to legitimize a given social and political order. At the same time, they demonstrate how places of memory are often highly contested spaces in which the authority of the ruling power, and its hegemonic narratives of history, may be called into question. In this introductory article, we highlight key themes at the intersections of memory, place, and power, and consider several areas of emerging interest that have potential to advance critical geographical approaches to memory studies. Reflecting on the case studies discussed in this special issue, we also explore how the spatial, temporal, and political intertwine in the production of memoryscapes that may appear fixed and frozen for all time-especially when literally cast in stone-but often experience change in both subtle and profound ways.
... There are stories of ethnic oppression, there is religious and cultural oppression, and there is the story of being oppressed from one's homeland by political oppression. Similarly, the recent tragic death of George Floyd is a testament to how the fate of Black people in America continues to face oppression (Samayeen, Wong, and McCarthy, 2020). Rohingya crisis in Myanmar is a present crucial issue in South and Southeast Asia which involves the whole world naturally. ...
The objective of this research is to find out the relationship between Rohingya minorities of Myanmar and black communities in the USA from the lens of systemic racism. The Rohingya have been tortured for their ethnic identity just as the black communities are being persecuted outside of Asia. The black movement of America increase on May 25, 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic when black man George Floyd died by the physical torture of policemen. In the same way, the Rohingya people saw various military armed insurrections in their whole lifetime yielding unlimited pain and unacceptable experience for the community. From the 1940s, they have been persecuted by their own government till the huge influx in 2017 which forced the majority to take shelter in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. More than 1 million Rohingya people are now living in these largest camps for displaced persons in the world. Despite the growing systemic racism in these two communities in the two parts of the world, few literatures focused on the co-relations between them and hardly defined these crises from the systemic racism lens. We largely based our arguments on the challenges of practicing Rohingya culture based on secondary source analysis. However, the research finds comparative analysis between the Asian communities has become an urgent need for further research.
... Studying police integrity and police misconduct has been a steady staple of learning about the policing profession for quite a few decades now, including the seminal works of Maurice Punch (1985Punch ( , 2000Punch ( , 2009, Jerome Skolnick (2002), O.W. Wilson (Cohen & Taylor, 2014), , David Bayley and Robert Perito (2011), Sam Walker (2012), , and, most recently, Geoffrey Alpert and Kyle Mclean (2021). Numerous high-profile scandals shook the American public in the past few decades, including the infamous Rodney King beating caught on a video camera in 1991, as well as more recent events, such as the shooting of Michael Brown (Ray et al., 2017), the death of Eric Garner (Fulton-Babicke, 2018), and the brutal death of George Floyd (Samayeen et al., 2020). These scandals resulted in the creation of some high-profile commissions such as the Warren Commission (Goldsmith, 2005), the Christopher Commission 2 (1991), the Mollen Commission (1994), and, more recently, President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015). ...
... The scope and magnitude of calls for reform have intensified in the wake of high-profile deaths at the hands of the police. Yet, as was the case with prior reform efforts, these foci are not often based on empirical research and promising practices (Jacobs et al., 2021;Samayeen et al., 2020). Instead, these calls for action are often driven by passionate voices of the community, sometimes following misguided and uniformed rhetoric, where slogans like "defund the police," "reimagine policing," or "abolish law enforcement," are used to spearhead changes. ...
... The death of George Floyd in the spring of 2020 (Samayeen et al., 2020) and the subsequent 2021 conviction of Derek Chauvin, a former police officer from the Minneapolis Police Department, for Floyd's murder pointed to a small crack in the "blue wall of silence." In particular, many officers from Derek Chauvin's own department, including the Chief, testified that the tactics Chauvin used to subdue Mr. Floyd were inappropriate and inconsistent with training and policy (Sanchez et al., 2021). ...
This chapter nests the code of silence within the discussion of police integrity. It starts by presenting an overview of the tenets of police integrity theory and the methodology developed by Klockars CB, Kutnjak Ivković S, Haberfeld MR (2004a) The contours of police integrity. In Klockars CB, Kutnjak Ivković S, Haberfeld M R (eds). The contours of police integrity. Sage, Thousand Oaks, p 1–18.; Klockars CB, Kutnjak Ivković S, Haberfeld MR (2004b) Police integrity in the United States of America. In Klockars CB, Kutnjak Ivković S, Haberfeld M R (eds). The contours of police integrity. Sage, Thousand Oaks, p 265–282. Based on the data from one mid-sized police department in the United States, the chapter examines the extent of the code of silence across 12 different scenarios depicting lapses in police integrity, including police corruption, use of excessive force, organizational deviance, and interpersonal deviance. Our findings show that the strength of the code of silence varies across scenarios and that it is negatively related to how serious misconduct is evaluated to be. The multivariate models indicate that the perceptions of organizational peer culture are the strongest factor affecting the respondents’ own willingness to report. In addition, other factors based on the police integrity theory—seriousness of police misconduct, assessment that the behavior violates official rules, and severity of expected discipline—are all related to the respondents’ expressed unwillingness to adhere to the code of silence.
