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Geographical overview of Kazakhstan and pathogens known to be endemic. Maps summarising the distribution of endemic areas for extremely dangerous pathogens (EDP) in Kazakhstan as known by 2012 (left panel) and 2020 (right panel). Pathogens investigated in the project were Rickettsia (Spotted Fever Group, SFG) (A), Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) (B), Orthohantavirus (Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) (C), and Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) (D). Scale = 500 km.

Geographical overview of Kazakhstan and pathogens known to be endemic. Maps summarising the distribution of endemic areas for extremely dangerous pathogens (EDP) in Kazakhstan as known by 2012 (left panel) and 2020 (right panel). Pathogens investigated in the project were Rickettsia (Spotted Fever Group, SFG) (A), Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) (B), Orthohantavirus (Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) (C), and Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) (D). Scale = 500 km.

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... The Central Asian Republic of Kazakhstan has a vast territory and contains several types of landscapes such as forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, deserts, and mountain ranges [16,17]. In these different geographic settings, Kazakhstan has numerous natural foci of important zoonotic pathogens such as Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and orthohantaviruses [17,18]. ...
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