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![Generations of Nigerian Radiographers [59]](profile/Tom-Adejoh-2/publication/325658631/figure/tbl3/AS:766867207639040@1559846798016/Generations-of-Nigerian-Radiographers-59_Q320.jpg)
Background: As at 1942, there were neither indigenous radiographers nor radiography training institutions in Nigeria. Presently, progress made is breathtaking. Despite the strides, there were no readily accessible records to give researchers insight on the trajectory of the profession since the beginning of the 20th century.
Objective: To trace t...
Citations
... Their close contact with the patients exposes them to this highly contagious and infectious disease. Hence, radiographers are among the professionals at risk of health care associated infection [9,10]. Moreover, there was a high sociocultural-related COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HCWs in West Africa [11][12][13], including radiographers in Ghana whose 40.7% were reported noncompliant with vaccination [13]. ...
... Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria (Reference number: NHREC/05/01/2008B-FWA0000245-1RB00002323). There are approximately 2000 registered radiographers in Nigeria, according to data from the Radiographers Registration Board of Nigeria (RRBN) [10]. The post hoc sample size analysis using 255 participants showed a 5.75% margin of error and a 95% confidence interval. ...
Background
We investigated the knowledge of COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention, attitude, and adherence to safe clinical practices among radiographers during the pandemic and made some informed policy recommendations.
Materials and methods
The study was an online cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire captured data on respondents’ demographics, knowledge of COVID-19, attitudes, practices, and standard precaution adherence during the pandemic. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and one-way ANOVA tests.
Results
Of the 255 respondents, 17.3% were actively involved in the management of COVID-19 cases. Participants had high scores regarding their knowledge of COVID-19 pathology (82.46 ± 8.67%), prevention (93.43 ± 7.11%) and attitude (74.11 ± 11.61%), but low compliance to safety precautions (56.08 ± 18.56%). Knowledge about COVID-19 prevention strategies differed significantly across educational qualifications, F(3, 251) = 4.62, p = .004. Similarly, levels of compliance with safety precautions differed across educational qualification (F[3, 251] = 4.53, p = .004) and years-in-practice (F[4, 250] = 4.17, p = .003).
Conclusion
Participants’ adherence to standard COVID-19 precautions was low. The level of professional qualification influenced participants’ knowledge and safe practices during the pandemic. Upgrading the aseptic techniques and amenities in practice settings and broadening the infectious diseases modules in the entry-level and continuous professional education may improve radiographers’ response to COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Key messages
• Radiographers whose qualifications were lower than a bachelor’s degree had significantly less knowledge of COVID-19 prevention.
• Generally, radiographers had a positive attitude towards safe practices during the pandemic, but inadequate education, standard operational guidelines and resources affected their level of adherence.
• Apart from the shortage of personal protective equipment, poor infrastructural design and inadequate hygienic facilities such as handwashing stations, running water and non-contact hand sanitizer dispensers hampered adherence to COVID-19 precautions in low-resource settings.
... With future innovations in our profession, what sort of training would we be prepared with to carry out these demands accurately? 3 . Even among radiographers who have had common professional training, the profession requires regular adaptation to new imaging procedures, newly improved modalities, new technology, and new modes of work; a great deal of diversification in responsibilities and duties, as well as new job descriptions 4,5 . ...
... Because, with the exception of one, all radiographers practicing in Nigeria throughout WWII, from 1935 to late 1940, were immigrants. As a result, the country began training employees classified as technicians to continue with radiography at the time 4 . The Republic of Ghana, for example, recruited persons who were trained abroad and designated as radiographers to take the radiographic profession for a length of time before the establishment of the x-ray school by the Ministry of Health and the subsequent establishment of the bachelor's degree program by the University of Ghana. ...
... (ie. Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Medical Laboratory, Doctor of Optometry) 4 . This is to be academically consistent with other health professional groups. ...
Introduction: Medical imaging or radiography as a profession has evolved considerably. As a result, the radiography/medical imaging program would need to be upgraded to keep up with the changes. The purpose of this study was to find out how final-year radiography students feel about the proposed six-year Doctor of Radiography/Medical Imaging program.
Methods: From June to October 2021, a cross-sectional study of final-year radiography students was undertaken at the University of Cape Coast. All students received pilot tested questionnaires through email. There were 29 questions in all, grouped into three sections A, B and C. Data was analyzed statistically with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.
Results: This survey drew a total of 83 students, with 62 males (75%) and 21 females (25%) participating. The mean of all the listed items in section B was 1.78 while C was 1.77. This indicated strong optimistic about the proposed program's ability to generate high-quality, exceptional and diverse imaging specialists.
Conclusion: The final year students had a favorable perception toward the proposed six-year Doctor of Radiography/Medical Imaging program. As a result, they are confident that the program would result in more flexible imaging experts than the four-year bachelor's degree.
... [1,6] Despite a Nigerian population estimated to be over 200 million persons, the zeal by couples to procreate profusely appear to be a key performance indicator in marriage. [7] In recent times, perhaps due to education and enlightenment, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples turning to orthodox medicine for help, with radiological investigations like hysterosalpingography (HSG) playing key roles. Hysterosalpingography is an x-raybased, invasive, evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for infertility. ...
... The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), although one out of several in the city, is considered to be one of the busiest. [7] It was established in 2001 to cater for a population of ≥ 14,000,000 persons. ...
... It is also noteworthy that the highly invasive HSG procedure has become quite a common method of investigating infertility in Nigeria. [1,12,13,14] That patients are also willing to take the additional risk of irradiation from a carcinogen like x-ray [7,15] suggests a changing trend from belief in superstition to dependence on orthodox medical practice. If this trend is sustained, health indices like life expectancy and morbidity are expected to improve in Nigeria, and indeed in Africa. ...
Background
Infertility leads to stigmatization, marital instability, and enormous psychological stress. In recent times in Nigeria, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples investigated for infertility using hysterosalpingography (HSG). Objective
To observe the trend of HSG findings at a foremost tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methods
The study was a retrospective assessment of HSG reports by radiologists. Using an inclusion criteria of patients who had an initial ultrasound scan prior to HSG as noted from radiologists reports, a sample size of 623 radiographs concluded between April 2014 to April 2019 was consecutively enlisted from a population of 2,624 cases. Patients’ demographic information was extracted from their request cards and radiologists’ reports. ResultsPatients were aged 22 – 54 (mean: 36.30 ± 6.00) years. Findings from hysterosalpingography showed that secondary infertility was more prevalent (n = 469, 75.3 %) and with fibroid (n = 176, 28.25%) as the most prevalent abnormality.Conclusions
There were more cases of secondary infertility presenting for HSG at the facility, and the major finding was fibroid. Although the ages of patients presenting for HSG investigations at the centre had increased, secondary infertility remained the more prevalent type, but with minimal drop in percentage. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(1):55-61
... The central component of the analogue radiographic imaging system is the film-screen system (FSS), which was first employed soon after the discovery of x-rays in 1895 and is still widely used in many countries [13]. ...
... The engagement of radiographers in research is emphasized as a priority that has brought the profession to the limelight and helped to maintain high standards of patient care. Awareness and commitment to research efforts is on the increase, judging by the increasing number of radiographers receiving Ph.D award and the number of fresh Ph.D enrolments [13]. ...
Background: Medical Imaging has witnessed a revolution in technological advancement, being in the forefront among other disciplines in the health sector. Most of the earlier modalities that were largely analogue and mechanical have been replaced by automated and digitized technology. Objective: To track the developments and innovations in certain aspects of medical imaging that have impacted positively on patient care. Methods: Relevant literature were searched physically and online for both old and modern technological innovations in medical imaging and patient care. Results: There have been new technologies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and the various ramifications of ultrasonography. Innovations in imaging modalities have brought increased diagnostic accuracy, much as examination time has been drastically shortened and radiation dose levels minimized or completely dispensed with. Manufacturing of portable equipment means that technology can now be taken to the patient and more time is dedicated to patient care. Introduction of digital radiography and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems have further impacted positively on efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery. Graduate degree programmes have invigorated radiographers’ drive for the discovery of new and better ways of diagnosis and treatment through research. Conclusion: Innovations in technology have led to miniaturization of equipment making it possible to take services to the critically ill patients, thereby improving patients’ accessibility to medical care. Also patients’ exposure to ionizing radiation has reduced due to improvement in research and development of new modalities using radiant energies other than ionizing radiation.
... Infertility therefore, is seen as personal tragedy and may lead to suicidal tendencies [2], stigmatization, marital instability, and enormous psychological stress [1,6]. Despite a Nigerian population estimated to be over 200 million persons, the zeal by couples to procreate profusely appear to be a key performance indicator in marriage [7]. ...
... Results from this work can therefore, be extrapolated to any other city in Africa. The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), although one out of several in the city, is considered one of the busiest [7]. The hospital was established in 2001 to cater for a population of ≥ 14,000,000 persons. ...
... That patients are also willing to take the additional risk of irradiation from a carcinogen like x-ray [8,15] Fallopian tubes suggests a changing trend from belief in superstition to dependence on orthodox medical practice. If this trend is sustained, health indices like life expectancy and morbidity are expected to improve in Nigeria, and indeed in Africa [7]. In addition, it is speculated that HSG has both diagnostic and therapeutic values as certain minor uterine adhesions and partial tubal occlusion are lysed, leading to an increase in pregnancy rate in the months after Hysterosalpingography without any other gynaecological intervention [8]. ...
Background: The African traditional society places a high premium on fecundity and therefore, views infertility as a personal tragedy. Prolonged infertility might lead to suicidal tendencies, stigmatization, marital instability, and enormous psychological stress. In recent times in Nigeria, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples investigated for infertility using hysterosalpingography (HSG). Objective: To observe the trend of HSG findings at a foremost tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methods: A consecutive enlistment of HSG radiographs concluded and reported on between July 2014 to December 2018. Using an inclusion criteria of patients who had an initial ultrasound scan prior to HSG as noted from radiologists reports, a sample size of 623 radiographs was enlisted from a HSG population of 2,624 cases. Patients’ demographic information were extracted from their request cards and radiologists’ reports. Results: Patients were aged 22 – 54 (mean: 36.30 ± 6.00) years, with a modal age range of 31 – 40 year (58.5 %) showing the highest throughput. Hysterosalpingography abnormalities were in two broad sites of uterus and fallopian tubes with the former showing a higher frequency ((n = 362, 58.11 %). Specifically, fibroid (n = 198, 31.80 %) and congenital anomalies (n = 24, 3.80 %) were the most and least prevalent abnormalities, respectively. Conclusions: Women aged 31 – 40 years were the most common patients for HSG, and uterine fibroid was the most common abnormality found in this study.
... [1,6] Despite a Nigerian population estimated to be over 200 million persons, the zeal by couples to procreate profusely appear to be a key performance indicator in marriage. [7] In recent times, perhaps due to education and enlightenment, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples turning to orthodox medicine for help, with radiological investigations like hysterosalpingography (HSG) playing key roles. Hysterosalpingography is an x-raybased, invasive, evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for infertility. ...
... The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), although one out of several in the city, is considered to be one of the busiest. [7] It was established in 2001 to cater for a population of ≥ 14,000,000 persons. ...
... It is also noteworthy that the highly invasive HSG procedure has become quite a common method of investigating infertility in Nigeria. [1,12,13,14] That patients are also willing to take the additional risk of irradiation from a carcinogen like x-ray [7,15] suggests a changing trend from belief in superstition to dependence on orthodox medical practice. If this trend is sustained, health indices like life expectancy and morbidity are expected to improve in Nigeria, and indeed in Africa. ...
the research looked at the trend of infertility in a five years period as presented in the radiology department of LASUTH ikeja using Hysterosalpingography (|HSG ) as a tool
... Over the years, there has been a significant change in radiography education and practice [2]. Radiography education in Nigeria started in the 1940s in the South-West region via a diploma training program [3]. The diploma training program was anchored by the Federal School of Radiography Lagos which was then the only school that produced radiographers in the country. ...
... In 1982 and 1983, the University of Calabar and University of Nigeria, Nsukka, started the 5-year Bachelor of Science (BSc) program in radiography respectively [3]. Twenty-two years after the start of the BSc program, there were calls to stop the diploma program. ...
... Hence, the program was finally stopped in 2004 [4]. The radiography profession finally settled for full-fledged first degree in university as a minimum qualification for practice [3]. Currently, there are many imaging modalities within the purview of radiographers as contained in the Radiographers Registration Board of Nigeria (RRBN) Act [5]. ...
Background
Radiography as a profession has undergone significant changes in recent times with the introduction of new imaging modalities, increase in the ranges of radiological investigations, and a diversification in the role of radiographers. As a result of these, there is a need to step up the radiography program to meet up with these changes. This study aims at ascertaining the perception of radiography lecturers in Nigeria towards the proposed doctor of radiography program. A cross-sectional study of radiography lecturers in Nigeria was conducted from February to July 2020. Subjects were recruited through a convenient sampling technique. Validated questionnaires were sent online to all the lecturers. The questionnaire contained 32 questions divided into 3 sections. Section A captured the demographic data of the lecturers. Section B captured information on the ability of the doctor of radiography program to produce graduates with a broad orientation in all specialties of radiography. Section C elicited information on the ability of the doctor of radiography program to produce high-quality radiographers.
Results
A total of 62 lecturers comprising 51 males (82.3%) and 11 females (17.7%) participated in the study. The grand mean of all the items in sections B and C were 3.03 and 3.25 respectively which show that the respondents are confident that the proposed program will produce high-quality and versatile radiographers.
Conclusion
The lecturers showed a positive perception towards the doctor of radiography program. Hence, they strongly believe that the proposed program will produce more versatile radiographers than the bachelor’s program.
... [1,6] Despite a Nigerian population estimated to be over 200 million persons, the zeal by couples to procreate profusely appear to be a key performance indicator in marriage. [7] In recent times, perhaps due to education and enlightenment, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples turning to orthodox medicine for help, with radiological investigations like hysterosalpingography (HSG) playing key roles. Hysterosalpingography is an x-raybased, invasive, evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for infertility. ...
... The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), although one out of several in the city, is considered to be one of the busiest. [7] It was established in 2001 to cater for a population of ≥ 14,000,000 persons. ...
... It is also noteworthy that the highly invasive HSG procedure has become quite a common method of investigating infertility in Nigeria. [1,12,13,14] That patients are also willing to take the additional risk of irradiation from a carcinogen like x-ray [7,15] suggests a changing trend from belief in superstition to dependence on orthodox medical practice. If this trend is sustained, health indices like life expectancy and morbidity are expected to improve in Nigeria, and indeed in Africa. ...
Background: Infertility leads to stigmatization, marital instability, and enormous psychological stress. In recent times in Nigeria, there appears to be an upsurge in the number of couples investigated for infertility using hysterosalpingography (HSG). Objective: To observe the trend of HSG findings at a foremost tertiary hospital in Africa. Methods: Using an inclusion criterion of patients who had an initial ultrasound scan prior to HSG as noted from radiologists’ reports, a sample size of 623 radiographs concluded between April 2014 to April 2019 was consecutively enlisted from a population of 2,624 cases. Patients’ demographic information were extracted from their request cards and radiologists’ reports. Results: Patients were aged 22 – 54 (mean: 36.30 ± 6.00) years. Hysterosalpingography findings indicated that secondary infertility was more prevalent and with fibroid (n = 198, 31.80 %) and congenital anomalies (n = 24, 3.80 %) were the most and least prevalent abnormality, respectively. Conclusions: Although the ages of patients presenting for HSG investigations at the centre had increased, secondary infertility remained the more prevalent type, but with minimal drop in percentage.
... Secondary infertility is more common than primary, and this is suggestive of post-abortion and post-partum infections [2]. In Africa, especially in Nigeria with about 200 million persons, a population considered to be the highest from any single country on the continent [3], fertility is greatly cherished. Infertility is therefore, viewed with displeasure by the citizens and seen by the victim as personal tragedy. ...
Background: Nigeria has an infertility rate of 4% to 48.1%. This health condition is the most frequently investigated in radiology departments across the country. Although ultrasound is used as first line investigation, its limited sensitivity to tubal patency has made hysterosalpingography (HSG), despite its radiation risks, as the procedure of choice. Objective: To determine the throughput of all special investigations in the study locations with a view to ascertaining if the use of hysterosalpingography is declining or flourishing. Methods: A retrospective extraction of data about special investigations from physical archives in the radiology department of two tertiary hospitals. Concluded special investigations between 2012 – 2014 and 2017 – 2019 were enlisted. The physical film jackets in both centers were consecutively scrutinized and the type and date of special investigation was noted. Results: A total of one hundred and forty-eight thousand, three hundred and twenty-two (148,322) patients aged 2 days to 95 years (mean: 34.85 ± 16.61 years) passed through the radiology departments between 2012 – 2014, and 2017 – 2019. Those for special radiological investigations numbered 4,806 (3.24 %). Hysterosalpingography (n = 2.148; 44.7%) and lateral invertogram (n = 39; 0.8%) were the special investigations with the highest and least throughputs, respectively. There were five specific HSG findings and fibroid had the highest frequency (n = 683; 31.80%). Conclusions: Hysterosalpingography is the most common special radiological procedure for investigating infertility by radiographers and radiologists in Nigeria.
... The exposure of man to radiation for medical practices arises from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures which constitute the largest component of radiation doses to the population from artificial sources (1). Since the discovery of x-ray in 1895, there has been a marked growth in the installation of x-ray machines and in the frequency of diagnostic x-ray examinations (2). Although radiation doses from fluoroscopy and computed tomography are much higher than that of x-ray (3), the main concern about patient dose relates to stochastic effects which have no threshold to induce cancer and hereditary changes (4). ...
Objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation during radiographic examination is associated with some biological effects. The study was aimed to determine the amount of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out among 60 women referred for Lumbosacral spine radiography from September 2019 to December 2019. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital ethical committee. A single-phase mobile X-ray unit was used to dispense the radiation while a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip was used to measure the radiation dose. The TLD chip was attached to the peri-areolar region of the left breast and held in place by a transparent adhesive tape. The TLD was carefully enclosed in a black polythene sachet before and after the investigation to shield it from background radiation. After the investigation the TLD,s were sent to the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) for reading and annealing. Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 55.32±12.35years and 29.70±7.09kg/m2 respectively. The cumulative mean (±SD) ESD to the breast was 3.87±0.87mGy. The highest scatter radiation dose was observed in the age group 60-69 years. Pearson’s correlation showed a week correlation between age and ESD. Conclusion: The study showed that there were scatter radiations to the breast during lumbosacral X-Ray investigations which was was lowest among the age group 50-59years. No significant difference was seen between AP and lateral positions. The cancer risk was 1 in 6,000 indicating that there might be needed to shield the breast while performing lumbosacral X-ray.
