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![General hardware architecture for the RHEA project, [14]](profile/Sami-Hajjaj/publication/320366473/figure/fig1/AS:588810974941184@1517394884879/General-hardware-architecture-for-the-RHEA-project-14.png)
![Figure 2. The farming system architecture, proposed by [13]](profile/Sami-Hajjaj/publication/320366473/figure/fig3/AS:631644096561205@1527607096843/The-farming-system-architecture-proposed-by-13_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3. General hardware architecture for the RHEA project, [14]](profile/Sami-Hajjaj/publication/320366473/figure/fig1/AS:588810974941184@1517394884879/General-hardware-architecture-for-the-RHEA-project-14_Q320.jpg)
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... RHEA caters for robot design and control, WiFi communication, software interface for human users. Basically, all the important points discussed so far about agriculture robots, [14] They reported a successful implementation of their project, their prototype comprises of three ground mobile units based on a commercial tractor chassis, fitted with various equipment, as shown in figure 3, [14]. [14] Although they identified the need to reduce size, complexity, and costs of agriculture robots. ...
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Citations
... The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of developing agricultural robotics, initiating several key prototype projects aimed at enhancing farming efficiency and productivity (Izdepskyi, 2016). This development includes establishing robust infrastructure, such as reliable wireless connections, effective human-robot interaction frameworks, and software-sharing platforms that facilitate seamless integration of technology into agricultural practices (Hajjaj & Sahari, 2016). ...
The intensifying demand for food production, driven by population growth and climate pressures, has placed a strain on agricultural systems worldwide, particularly in Africa and the European Union (EU). This paper presents a comparative analysis of the adoption of robotics in agriculture across these regions, exploring the current practices, limitations, and advancements shaping the future of sustainable farming. In Africa, limited infrastructure, high costs, and technological barriers hinder the integration of robotics, challenging smallholder farmers and reducing productivity. Conversely, the EU demonstrates more advanced adoption, supported by robust policy frameworks and technology infrastructure, although it faces challenges including workforce aging and the need for ethical guidelines in AI applications. This study highlights significant case studies within the EU, such as those in the Netherlands and Germany, showcasing the economic and environmental impacts of robotics in diverse farming models. The analysis extends to the benefits of robotics in increasing productivity and resource efficiency while reducing labor dependency, contributing to precision farming practices and environmental sustainability. The findings underscore the critical role of robotics in future agricultural systems, suggesting that while Africa faces more immediate barriers to adoption, targeted investments and policy adaptations could bridge these gaps. The study concludes by advocating for tailored, region-specific strategies to achieve sustainable agriculture through robotics, underscoring the technology's potential to address global food security challenges in Africa and the EU.
... There is a prevailing belief that advancements in robotics science and engineering will significantly transform the landscape of agriculture. Notably, global investment and research in this field are undergoing nearly exponential growth [25]. Table 1 provides a summary of both commercial and research-based robots within the past eight years developed for weed control using a variety of end effectors. ...
Weed infestations pose significant challenges to global crop production, demanding effective and sustainable weed control methods. Traditional approaches, such as chemical herbicides, mechanical tillage, and plastic mulches, are not only associated with environmental concerns but also face challenges like herbicide resistance, soil health, erosion, moisture content, and organic matter depletion. Thermal methods like flaming, streaming, and hot foam distribution are emerging weed control technologies along with directed energy systems of electrical and laser weeding. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of laser weeding technology, comparing it with conventional methods and highlighting its potential environmental benefits. Laser weeding, known for its precision and targeted energy delivery, emerges as a promising alternative to conventional control methods. This review explores various laser weeding platforms, discussing their features, applications, and limitations, with a focus on critical areas for improvement, including dwell time reduction, automated navigation, energy efficiency, affordability, and safety standards. Comparative analyses underscore the advantages of laser weeding, such as reduced environmental impact, minimized soil disturbance, and the potential for sustainable agriculture. This paper concludes by outlining key areas for future research and development to enhance the effectiveness, accessibility, and affordability of laser weeding technology. In summary, laser weeding presents a transformative solution for weed control, aligning with the principles of sustainable and environmentally conscious agriculture, and addressing the limitations of traditional methods.
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... Therefore, there are various types of robotic system applications in individual agricultural environments [17]. The characteristics of agricultural production require robots in agricultural areas to possess considerable intelligence and flexible production capabilities to adapt to complex non-structural environments [18], such as discrimination and obstacle avoidance. Confronted with these obstacles, experts have shifted their research focus from the mechanical part to machine vision and artificial intelligence, striving to solve the intelligent problem of agricultural robots. ...
Agriculture plays a crucial role in development, especially in low-income countries where the sector is large in terms of both aggregate income and total labor force [...]
... Monica Jhuria and colleagues have pioneered in disease identification using image processing, developing two databases: one for storing existing disease images and another for processing new queries. Their analysis considers three key aspects: color, texture, and shape [11,15,16]. ...
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... Many outdoor robotic automation applications, such as solar farm inspection and maintenance [8][9][10], disaster response [11][12][13], agriculture [14] and city re-planning [15,16] need to cover very large areas of 1-40 acres. Traversing such expansive environments with a single mobile robot is very time-consuming or even impractical. ...
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... the Internet of Things (IoT) (Stamatiadis et al., 2020) and (Boursianis et al., 2020), geo-positioning systems (Muangprathub et al., 2019) and (Flaco et al., 2019), big data (Kamilaris et al., 2017) and (Bronson et al., 2016) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, drones) (Tsouros et al., 2019), automated systems, and robotics are only a few examples. Smart farming is based on a precise and resource-efficient technique that aims to boost agricultural commodities production efficiency while also improving quality on a long-term basis (Hajjaj et al., 2016) and (Marinoudi et al., 2019). Smart farming, on the other hand, should provide added value to farmers in the form of more timely and accurate decision-making processes and/or more efficient extortion operations and management. ...
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... For decades, Robotics has emerged as an important engineering discipline for solving many problems in the agriculture [16]. In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in the use of robots in various sectors of the agriculture, both in crop production and in animal husbandry [8]. Various studies have shown the important role of the robots and mechatronic systems in optimizing, improving and increasing the production of food of different origins [6]. ...
... The development of agricultural robotics accumulates several decades of history; however, only in recent years commercial prototypes have reached the market, and the real adoption of these technologies by farmers is very small [12][13][14]. Robotic platforms derived from research projects have been designed primarily to scout and sense crops [15,16] or the soil, and perform automated weeding on arable crops [17,18], while work has also been done also on robotic seeding [19], pesticide spraying [20], and harvesting [21], to mention some examples. Nevertheless, as far as we know, robotic fertilisation has not been properly studied, especially with respect to the application of organic fertilisers. ...
The growing demand for organically produced vegetables requires the adoption of new cropping systems such as strip-cropping. To counteract the additional labour mixed cropping entails, automation and robotics play a key role. This research focuses on the development of a proof-of-concept platform that combines optical sensors and an actuation system for targeted precision fertilization that encircles selected plants rather than a local field area. Two sensor types are used for the detection of a fertilisation need: a multispectral camera and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) devices in order to acquire information on plant health status and three-dimensional characterisation. Specific algorithms were developed to more accurately detect a change in fertilization need. An analysis of their results yields a prescription map for automatic fertilisation through a robotic arm. The relative location of the platform within the prescription map is essential for the correct application of fertilizers, and is acquired through live comparison of a LiDAR pushbroom with the known 3D world model. The geometry of each single plant is taken into account for the application of the sprayed fertiliser. This resulted in a reliable method for the detection of delayed growth and prototype localization within a changing natural environment without relying on external markers.
