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General diagram of the concepts linking natural and social systems through ecosystem services. See the definitions of the five boxes in Section 2.1.
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The relationship between biodiversity and each ecosystem service or bundle of ecosystem services (e.g. win−win, win−lose or win−neutral) is an active field of research that requires structured and consistent information. The application of that research for conservation and decision-making can be hampered by the ambiguity found in the definition of...
Contexts in source publication
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... this variety of opinions about how the nursery function should be defined and classified in an ecosystem services' context, we propose to follow a simplified representation of the ecosystem services' cascade framework (derived from Haines-Young & Potschin, 2010) (Fig. 1). More complete schemes have been developed, for instance, in international initiatives such as Müller et al. (2010), TEEB (2010) or Maes et al. (2013) or other proposals such as Villamagna et al. (2013). Applying this kind of conceptual framework clarifies which compartment of the socio-ecological systems is being analyzed and what is ...Context 2
... international initiatives such as Müller et al. (2010), TEEB (2010) or Maes et al. (2013) or other proposals such as Villamagna et al. (2013). Applying this kind of conceptual framework clarifies which compartment of the socio-ecological systems is being analyzed and what is missing to fully characterized, for instance, one ecosystem service. In Fig. 1, ecosystem functions and processes comprise all the biophysical roles that sustain the provision of a specific ecosystem service, thus indicating the natural capacity to provide that service. Ecosystem services (also noted as ecosystem service flows) are the actual contribution of ecosystem components (as goods or services) to human ...Context 3
... link the nursery function of certain habitats with the delivery of food provision or recreation (Table 2), either quantifying nurseries independently or as a supporting service. In contrast, other publications consider the nursery function as a service but they suggest using the same indicators as for biodiversity or ecosystem condition (see Fig. 1). For instance, compiles a series of indicators to measure ecosystem services under the EU Biodiversity Strategy. They propose to quantify the "maintenance of nursery populations and habitats" with proxies such as conservation investments, habitat−landscape protection, biodiversity value, ecological status or habitats diversity that ...Context 4
... and values have a great variety, which is dealt with in the next section. It must be noticed that the classification of indicators in Table 2 Examples of indicators and proxies related to the nursery function extracted from peer-reviewed literature. We organized and reclassified those indicators and proxies following the framework proposed in Fig. 1 • Habitat nursery function (spp/habitat) 4 • Canopy height (cm) 4 • Canopy cover (%) 4 • Residence time in seagrass at each life stage of the fishery species (yr) 5 • Spawning and nursery areas (ha) 8 • Submerged and intertidal habitats diversity 8 • Species distribution and abundance 8 • Extent of marine protected areas (ha) 8 • ...Context 5
... our review of the studies that analyze nursery habitats in ecosystem service assessments, we identified some background arguments or perspectives shared by different articles. We observed that these background perspectives mainly determine which components of natural and social systems shown in Fig. 1 are evaluated and which method is used for the assessment. Hence, based on our interpretation of the literature, we summarize below three main perspectives, not necessarily independent from each other, that we have named ecological, conservationist and economical perspectives. The naming of these perspectives tries to be illustrative ...Context 6
... the outcome of a specific service, which has to be measured with other metrics (e.g. residence time of fish in seagrass, density of gadoid juveniles). Hence in practical assessments, this perspective focuses on the compartments 'biodiversity and ecosystem condition', 'ecosystem functions and processes' and sometimes on 'ecosystem service flow' of Fig. 1. When it covers 'management and social responses' it concentrates on the impacts that ecological systems receive from natural or human-induced pressures. In this context, the "maintenance of nursery populations and habitats" cannot be assessed as a stand-alone ecosystem service as long as it is not differentiated from biodiversity and ...Context 7
... of ecosystem services across sectors and disciplines. The risk of this perspective is to assess the nursery function using biodiversity constituents as indicators, especially when specific data about the ecological processes (ecosystem service capacity) are not available. The conservationist point of view may address all the components of Fig. 1 but it gives a special emphasis to 'biodiversity and ecosystem condition' and 'management and social responses'. From this perspective, the "maintenance of nursery populations and habitats" should be included in the list of ecosystem services to make its contribution to well-being explicit, even if some of its indicators may refer to ...Context 8
... and a few cultural services have explicit prices or are traded in markets, while other ecosystem benefits, especially regulating services, remain largely invisible because they cannot be very precisely estimated with the available monetary methods. In terms of assessments, the economic perspective focuses on the 'benefit and value' component of Fig. 1 and sometimes on 'ecosystem service flow'. "Maintenance of nursery populations and habitats" is a combination of ecological phenomena supporting the delivery of other provisioning or cultural services (e.g. food or recreation), from which humans obtain benefits. Still, in some economic assessments, the nursery function is considered as ...Context 9
... or time for conducting full integrated assessments. Typical examples are local assessments based on remote sensing in developing countries ( Liquete et al., 2016) . The main risk of this option is to create confusion between the components 'biodiversity and ecosystem condition', 'ecosystem functions and processes' and 'ecosystem service flow' in Fig. 1. This confusion will hide the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem services delivery. In this situation, it is advised to differentiate the biodiversity-related information from the ecosystem services quantification, and to avoid aggregating these two kinds of ...Context 10
... The third option also includes the nursery function as an ecosystem service, but this time supported by an integrated ecosystem assessment that comprises at least 'biodiversity and ecosystem condition' and some or all the other components of Fig. 1, making a clear differentiation between components and making reference to species of direct use for humans. In this kind of assessments, the relevance of the nursery habitats for all organisms can be analyzed as a biodiversity constituent, but this cannot be considered an assessment of ecosystem services. The main risk of this option ...Similar publications
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... Algumas soluções de engenharia inspiradas na natureza, que já foram incorporadas ao planejamento urbano e à gestão da água, como telhados verdes, jardins de chuva com bioinfiltração e vegetação em áreas de desfiladeiros, mostraram-se mais eficientes, economicamente viáveis, flexíveis e duráveis em comparação com as tradicionais estruturas "cinza" (Liquete et al., 2016). ...
... A abordagem socioecológica das SBN promove respostas multidimensionais, englobando serviços ecossistêmicos, gestão de riscos e infraestrutura urbana, destacando sua importância como prioridade para a sustentabilidade urbana na política pública(Liquete et al., 2016). O principal objetivo das SBN no contexto da gestão de águas pluviais urbanas é controlarTOMADA DE DECISÃO PARA ENCHENTES URBANAS: SOLUÇÕES BASEADAS NA NATUREZA E INFRAESTRUTURA VERDE _____________________________________________________________________________________ (POAs) e definir relações de preferência entre eles (De Almeida et al., 2016). ...
O estudo utilizou soluções baseadas na natureza de forma a mitigar os problemas causados pela chuva nos centros urbanos. Foi estudado o caso da Avenida nações Unidas, no município de Bauru/SP, empregando o método Fitradeoff. A metodologia utilizada combinou abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas para ampliar a compreensão dos fenômenos. A melhor solução envolveu uma análise criteriosa das alternativas, como: as trincheiras de infiltração, células de biorretenção e as lagoas de retenção, utilizando-se do método Fitradeoff, com o apoio de profissionais das áreas de saneamento e de critérios de avaliação. As variáveis utilizadas foram: contaminação por poluição, adequação à área disponível, contribuição a área social, custo de implantação e custo de manutenção. Após a aplicação do método Fitradeoff, a alternativa escolhida foi a trincheira de infiltração, com desempenho superior às demais opções. A análise sugere a adoção de soluções tradicionais de tecnologia cinzam também um modelo de apoio aos gestores públicos que trabalham com o planejamento urbano, a fim de auxiliar nas tomadas de decisões e criar políticas públicas voltadas para soluções mais sustentáveis.
... Because the use of mangroves by reef fish depends on environmental conditions, reef-related ecosystem service values attributed to mangroves (Himes-Cornell et al., 2018;Liquete et al., 2016), including supporting, regulating and provisioning services related to reef fish and their fisheries, will necessarily vary according to environmental context. Where mangroves occur as part of reef seascapes in regions with limited tidal movement (<1.5 m maximum amplitude), they appear to invariably serve as a juvenile habitat and potentially provide a nursery function for reef fish (sensu Adams et al., 2006;Igulu et al., 2014). ...
... and that critical ecological relationships may not respond to typical indicators of habitat condition or integrity (Liquete et al., 2016). ...
Tropical mangroves are known to support fish production, but natural variability in the link between mangrove habitats and fish populations undermines our ability to manage, conserve and restore this ecological relationship. This is largely due to undefined context‐dependence in the use of mangroves by fish. We collected a spatially extensive dataset of 494 mangrove fish assemblages using standardised Remote Underwater Video surveys of mangrove edge habitats from five environmentally heterogenous regions in the Indo‐Pacific. We used machine learning methods to define contextual limits of the use of mangroves by reportedly mangrove‐affiliated fish. We found that tidal range and proximity to coral reefs were the most important contextual predictors of the use of mangroves by most taxa. We established data‐driven threshold values for important contextual predictors of the use of mangroves by fish, offering new insights into the variable role played by tropical mangroves in supporting fish life histories. Where mangroves occur as part of reef seascapes in regions with limited tidal range (<1.5 m), they appear to serve an important juvenile habitat function for a wide spectrum of reef fish. In regions with substantially larger tidal ranges, mangroves appear to only support certain reef species with coastal life histories. Coastal and estuary fish were able to use mangroves in a wide variety of non‐reef contexts. We demonstrate that key thresholds in environmental context can govern the functional role of mangroves, with strong implications for the role of other habitats in coastal seascapes.
... As AFRIMED Deliverable D4.3 also observes, this role of ecosystems in supporting socio-economically important species at early lifecycle stages is recognised as a final 'nursery and habitat maintenance' ecosystem service by the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) (Haines-Young & Potschin 2018). Liquete et al. (2016) provide a detailed discussion on the distinction between a nursery function and a nursery ecosystem service. Establishing a clear boundary between these two concepts is critical from an ecosystem service measurement perspective. ...
... wild seafood provisioning) (Haines-Young & Potschin 2018). Liquete et al. (2016) also conclude that this nursery role should be considered an ecosystem service (rather than an ecosystem function) when it is linked to such concrete human benefit (e.g. enhanced fishing, increased recreational activities). ...
... For the assessment of the benefits from the 'nursery and habitat maintenance' ecosystem services supplied by Cystoseira, the conceptual approach recommended by Liquete et al. (2016) and the SEEA EA is followed. Figure 11 presents this conceptual framing for the case of Cystoseira forests. ...
This report provides an assessment of the social and economic benefits of ecosystem services generated by macroalgal restoration. It presents a case study for the Mediterranean Sea from the AFRIMED project.
Key messages from the assessment are that ecosystem restoration will play a significant role for delivering on the European Union’s Green Deal and Blue Economy Strategy. Cystoseira restoration in the Mediterranean Sea has the potential to contribute to multiple Sustainable Development Goals for biodiversity conservation (SDG 14), climate change adaptation and mitigation (SDG 13) job security and economic development (SDG 8), food security (SDG 2) and good health and well-being (SDG 3). Future assessment of cost effectiveness of Cystoseira restoration would be improved by more consistent reporting on different costs and restoration outcomes. Evidence to quantify and value ecosystem services associated with Cystoseira remains limited. The AFRIMED Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) of Cystoseira restoration demonstrates the economic case for restoration. It also provides an example of how marine ecosystem services can be integrated into economic decision making. The CBA case study also highlights many uncertainties with respect to restoration profiles, ecosystem service responses and how to monetise them.
... Many marine habitats such as seagrass and mussel beds are inherent structures of marine ecosystems that enable the existence of species communities and provide food, shelter and nursery grounds for various species (Liquete et al., 2016). Many ESs such as carbon storage and flood protection are directly dependent on the habitat area and the extent of the community (Harrison et al., 2014). ...
... Distribution of the values of the potential for the ES "Lifecycle maintenance, habitat, and gene pool protection". Other important elements are also linked to water, namely broad-leaved forests (especially soft floodplain forests), riparian vegetation, line greenery that accompanies wa-tercourses [60], as well as permanent crops and agricultural mosaics (i.e., gardens), and transitional woodland shrubs, which are important refuges for plants and animals in the intensively farmed agricultural landscape and urban landscape. ...
Ecosystem benefits, now known as ecosystem services (ESs), confront continuous threats from human activities and lack adequate protection, often suffering degradation and destruction despite their inherent advantages. This paper aims to introduce the geosystem approach as an exact scientific basis for assessing ESs. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of abiotic and biotic components within ecosystems, this method involves in-depth research across landscape dimensions and socioeconomic factors influencing the utilization of ecosystem services (ESs). It highlights a deep understanding of their connections and interactions. The key operational units, termed landscape–ecological complexes or geoecological complexes, result from fundamental research. Their interpretation as potentially useful for the chosen ESs is already an applied procedure. ES assessment employs two approaches: participatory and biophysical assessments. The outcomes contribute to the development of management measures for preserving or enhancing ESs in the broader study area. Methodological procedures were tested in the Little Danube model area, a unique lowland stream in Central Europe’s Rye Island and a significant drinking water reservoir. The assessment results provide a foundation, supporting arguments, and criteria for ecologically appropriate landscape planning, as well as the sustainable management, utilization, and conservation of natural resources.
... As such, a conflict need not occur between preserving coastal habitat mosaics (e.g. see Sheaves 2009) for biodiversity, species conservation and ecosystem services provision, especially when done proactively with local stakeholders (Austin et al. 2016;Liquete et al. 2016). For programs poised to evaluate FEGS availability, we modeled an approach that takes advantage of existing data and tools, coupled with targeted survey approaches to fully assess the relationship between landscape features and more passive recreational beneficiaries. ...
This study aims to characterize the value associated with nature-based recreational opportunities and identify estuarine attributes most valued by users. With the National Ecosystem Service Classification System as a framework, we assessed the relationship between recreational beneficiary subclasses and ecological end-products available to beneficiaries in Tillamook Bay, OR, and Tampa Bay, FL estuaries. We used the InVEST recreation model to assess the spatial distribution and intensity of recreation in both estuaries, then inform site selection in subsequent analyses. We evaluated photo content and collected observational data at sites with the highest utilization. Surveys of location attributes helped determine the availability of ecosystem service ecological end-products. Ordination techniques were employed to evaluate similarities in natural and human-made attributes across stations and establish groups of stations that could offer comparable recreational experiences. Recreational ‘experiencers and viewers’ were the dominant beneficiary group, as they took the most photos and were most often encountered during passive onsite observations. Composite features (e.g. viewscapes) were the predominant ecological end-products. Counter to hypothesized outcomes, there was no detectable difference in the number of recreational beneficiaries predicted between estuaries after accounting for site-scale variability. Locations with multiple natural and human-made attributes, including access points, had more recreational users. Onsite observations also revealed a potential need for more safe and equitable access options in high-use locations. Findings highlight the importance of recreational ‘experiencers and viewers’ valuing habitat mosaics, even across vastly different geographical settings. This exploration of how humans derive well-being from coastal landscapes is crucial to ecosystem-based management.
... The RMES nursery and spawning habitats, are particularly important for the provision of other ES and SG&B such as fish from the sea. Although they are not normally taken into account within the fisheries production ES, to avoid problems concerning double-counting of ES (for further discussion see Liquete et al., 2013Liquete et al., , 2016. The location of this hotspot area, also coincides with important fishing areas (Gaspar et al., 2014), highlighting the ever-increasing need to integrate RMES supporting different species life stages into MSP and the trade-offs between marine uses and activities and safeguarding ecosystem productivity. ...
Saltmarshes play a central role in addressing climate change by serving as vital carbon sequestration and storage zones. However, they are increasingly threatened by climate-induced sea level rise (SLR). Our study focused on three estuarine saltmarshes in northern Portugal, employing field sampling, remote sensing, and modeling approaches to assess the potential variations in Blue Carbon standing stocks across regional and local spatial scales. This estimated their economic value, and impacts due to habitat loss derived from climate change SLR, based on three IPCC AR6 scenarios for 2050 and 2100. The three saltmarshes contained a combined total of 38798 ± 2880 tonnes of organic carbon, valued at approximately 3.96 ± 0.38 million euros. There were local differences between the different common species in each saltmarsh and regional differences between common species among the three saltmarshes for Spartina patens and Phragmites australis, with these species showing consistently higher values in the Lima saltmarsh in some of the parameters analysed. Overall average total carbon per species cover was highest in the Lima saltmarsh. S. patens showed the highest value in this saltmarsh, among the common species, whereas Bolboschoenus maritimus was highest in the Minho saltmarsh. The remaining species presented a similar stock carbon storage pool capacity. The potential loss of saltmarsh habitat due to SLR, was more evident in the Cávado saltmarsh over shorter timeframes, and posed a significant risk of inundation, that even with moderately severe scenarios will lead to complete habitat loss by 2100. If the loss of habitat directly equates to carbon loss, without redeposition to boundary habitats of the river or ocean floor, the projected CO2 emissions ranged from 27008 to 51297 tonnes by 2050 and 55561 to 137995 tonnes by 2100 (under the SSP5 8.4 scenario). Our study highlights the important role of saltmarshes in regulating BC and gives attention to the potential future repercussions arising from habitat loss due to SLR. It also emphasizes the need to account for the local/regional variability in BC stocks assessments, and the critical importance of preserving and rehabilitating these ecosystems to ensure their continued efficacy as vital carbon sinks, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation efforts.
... To quantify the nursery and habitat maintenance, indicators such as nursery areas or spawning areas (km 2 nursery area), habitat diversity (No. habitats per km 2 ), change in recruitment in adults (%), among others have been proposed [67]. Nevertheless, data availability to assess these indicators was limited, e.g. ...
... suppliers whose electricity mix is mainly comprised by renewable energy sources) but finding this data is difficult and time-consuming. Similarly, the market price of fish was also used to value the nursery ES, but this is an indirect way of valuing this ES and also has its limitations as it does not account for changes in price and exploitation intensity in response to fish abundance [67]. According to Liquete et al. [67], the appropriate valuation method for this ES is still under discussion and a range of methods exists, e.g. from production functions, contingent valuation to value transfer of WTP. ...
... Similarly, the market price of fish was also used to value the nursery ES, but this is an indirect way of valuing this ES and also has its limitations as it does not account for changes in price and exploitation intensity in response to fish abundance [67]. According to Liquete et al. [67], the appropriate valuation method for this ES is still under discussion and a range of methods exists, e.g. from production functions, contingent valuation to value transfer of WTP. In the case of the aesthetic value ES, though WTP seems a proper way to value for its valuation, the available studies cannot be used due to their scope and the way the choice experiments were designed (see Section 2.5.4.). ...
Renewable offshore wind electricity is as one of the major renewable energy sources on our path towards carbon neutrality. As for all energy technologies, offshore wind farms (OWFs) will have both local and global negative and positive impacts. Understanding and quantifying these burdens and benefits requires a holistic sustainability assessment. This study tests and applies a novel (socio-) environmental impact assessment framework to quantify the monetized (socio-) environmental footprint and handprint of an offshore wind farm located in the Belgian Continental Shelf. This framework consists of a combination of two ways of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Ecosystem Services Assessment (ESA) to quantify both the site-specific and site-generic impacts on ecosystem services (ESs) over the lifetime of a human intervention. For the operation and maintenance stage of the OWF, impacts on three local ESs were quantified, i.e. offshore wind energy provisioning, nursery and habitat maintenance and aesthetic value, while for the other life cycle stages site-generic impacts on multiple ESs were calculated. A comprehensive list of data was inventoried to conduct both the LCA and ESA studies. The monetized impact results were then aggregated and monetized at the level of three areas of protection, i.e. human health and well-being, natural resources and ecosystem quality. The results show that the OWF has a net handprint of +€85,196, mainly due to electricity production, while the absolute footprint (−€4039) consists largely of impacts associated to the supply chain of materials to manufacture the offshore windfarm. Furthermore, this study compares the (socio-) environmental performance of an OWF with nuclear energy, which is used as benchmark because of its high importance for electricity supply in Belgium. This study is a first step towards a valuable contribution to understanding the multi-scale burdens and benefits of offshore wind energy, which can support decision- and policy-making.
... "Maintenance of nursery populations and habitats" in the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) or "Habitats for species" in The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) has a special place in the history of the emergence and development of the concept of ecosystem services and in the process of its establishment as a policy instrument for the protection of natural capital. It is among the most challenging services for definition and evaluation (Liquete et al. 2016). This service is a result of the specifics of the habitat functions of ecosystems and their role in the functioning of the natural environment. ...
... Habitat functions are categorized as "regulating and sustaining the life cycle" and contributing to "qualitative reproduction of species diversity" (Liquete et al. 2016). They provide suitable living space for wild plants and animals (refugium function) and create conditions to ensure the productivity of the ecosystem (nursery function) (de Groot et al. 2002). ...
Habitat maintenance as an ecosystem service (ES) is essential for the protection of natural capital, however, it is among the most challenging services for definition and evaluation. The present study is focused on assessing and mapping habitat maintenance ecosystem service in Rila and Pirin Mountains in Bulgaria for strategic planning purposes by better understanding the link between the potential of providing this ecosystem service and biodiversity in five protected areas (PAs). An integrated approach for the assessment of the condition of ecosystems in PAs and their potential to provide ecosystem services was applied and further developed in the present study. The results showed that the conservation regime allowed the territories to preserve a high degree of naturalness in a very good ecological condition – 96477 ha (73%) of the total case-study area, and 33078 ha (77%) of the target PAs, respectively. The potential of ecosystems to provide habitat maintenance ES is high to very high for 84% of the total studied area (81258.9 ha) and for 96.4% (31906 ha) of the area of the target PAs. A current assessment and mapping show the role of protected areas as spatial natural capital assets that purposefully and actively support their prioritized habitat maintenance functions as spatial guarantors for the sustenance of rich packages of material, regulating, and cultural functions in significant geographic areas. The results demonstrate the importance of protected site management in mountain areas in ensuring sustainable cooperation and consumption of ecosystem services in peripheral mountain communities of the European Union highly dependent on available natural capital.
... Biodiversity encompasses the diversity of life, spanning genes, species, ecosystems, and habitats (Liquete et al., 2016). It has been acknowledged that biodiversity plays a significant role in improving water quality (water purification) and regulating flow (flood protection), while also enhancing communities and habitats (Harrison et al., 2014). ...
... To successfully implement and manage biodiversity, collaboration from various stakeholders and policymakers is essential. 7 As suggested by Liquete et al. (2016), ecosystems play a crucial function in supporting biodiversity, as they consist of all biophysical components that contribute to the provision of specific ecosystem services, demonstrating their capacity to sustain life. Ecosystem services, in turn, represent the tangible contributions of ecosystem components in supporting human well-being. ...
... Based on Table 1, mangrove ecosystems provide direct and indirect services that are vital for human life. To ensure sustainable mangrove ecosystem services and biodiversity, it is essential to adopt sound policies that consider the interests of all elements of human life and the surrounding ecosystem (Liquete et al., 2016). Figure 4 illustrates the concept of the mangrove ecosystem and its socio-economic impact (Liquete et al., 2016). ...
The coastal area is a complex and interconnected system of diverse ecosystems, with mangrove ecosystems standing out as one of the most productive. However, global mangrove ecosystems, including those in Langsa City, face multiple threats from human activities and natural hazards. This study focuses on examining the various threats impacting the mangrove ecosystem in Langsa City, including tourism and urban development, climate change, regional development, human activities, and sedimentation. Mangrove ecosystems have specific requirements for survival, making these threats particularly concerning. Through field observations and analysis, this study explores the impact of these threats on the mangrove ecosystem's well-being and its correlation with the overall coastal biodiversity. Additionally, the research delves into the management practices implemented by the local government to preserve the mangrove ecosystems. The findings reveal the severity of threats to the mangrove ecosystem's viability and its implications for coastal biodiversity sustainability. The study also sheds light on the local government's mangrove management system, providing valuable insights into current conservation efforts. By understanding the threats faced by the mangrove ecosystem and the management practices in place, this research contributes to the preservation and sustainable use of this vital coastal resource.
