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Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) N.K.B. Robson and Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell are two African shrubs or trees that go under the common name of spike thorn, which belong to the Celastraceae family. Different plant parts of this species are largely used in traditional medicine for infectious and inflammatory diseases treatment. Several...
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This study consists of a literature review on the traditional use of the medicinal plant Maytenus guianensis, which was carried out using the databases: LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed. M. guianensis is popularly known as xixuá and occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical band of the world. In Brazil, its leaves, bark, and roots are used as tea or...
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... It is a shrub or tree commonly found across most African nations, as well as in regions of Arabia, Afghanistan, and India. 32,33 It grows up to a height of 5-8 meters with a display of a dense and thorny crown. The leaves are oblong, alternate, and glossy green on the surface with a pale underside and occur in groups as an impenetrable bush. ...
Carapa procera DC (C. procera), Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J.J.de Wilde (T. monadelpha), Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv (S. campanulata) and Gymnosporia senegalensis Loes (G. senegalensis) are medicinal plants which are used folklorically in Ghana, West Africa, for the treatment and management of diseases. However, there is little scientific evidence and documentation regarding their ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacology activities. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive literature synthesis of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition and pharmacological significance of C. procera, G. senegalensis, T. monadelpha and S. campanulata for future research and health benefits. Databases utilized in the literature search included PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubChem and DrugBank. All plant names were checked with “World Flora Online” (www.worldfloraonline.org). Pharmacological studies conducted in majority of cases indicated anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant or antimicrobial activities of C. procera, T. monadelpha, S. campanulata and G. senegalensis. Phytochemical analysis also revealed botanical constituents that may potentially be involved in the observed pharmacological properties. This review will go a long way to promote the efficacious use of these plants. However, much remains to be done with respect to preclinical and clinical investigations in order to harness their full potential.
... It lacks thorns or may have spines measuring up to 7 cm, found either in the axils or at the tips of short axillary branches. The plant is smooth, devoid of latex, and its young branches are mostly unlined, often displaying a glaucous appearance (Da Silva et al., 2011). In tropical Africa, Maytenus senegalensis is found in the Savannah regions, thriving in diverse habitats such as deciduous woodlands, thickets, scrub, wooded grasslands, as well as along riverbanks and swamp margins (Da Silva et al., 2011). ...
... The plant is smooth, devoid of latex, and its young branches are mostly unlined, often displaying a glaucous appearance (Da Silva et al., 2011). In tropical Africa, Maytenus senegalensis is found in the Savannah regions, thriving in diverse habitats such as deciduous woodlands, thickets, scrub, wooded grasslands, as well as along riverbanks and swamp margins (Da Silva et al., 2011). ...
... At 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract lowered ulceration in a manner akin to that of omeprazole (30 mg/kg body weight), offering virtually equal levels of gastro-protection. Studies on the effects of Maytenus senegalensis on animal models revealed that its aqueous oral extract was generally harmless (Da Silva et al., 2011;Ahmed et al., 2013). Jigam et al. (2020) analyzed the leaf extract of Maytenus senegalensis, demonstrating the existence of bioactive substances like phytol, 3,5,7-tetraen-carboxylic acid-methylester, 20α)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-24-nor-friedela-1, 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, and 3-hydroxy-20-lupen-28-ol. ...
Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This review systematically explores the anti-ulcerogenic potential of medicinal plants, emphasizing their bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties, a topic underexplored in the context of peptic ulcer management. The inclusion of 33 studies from 2010-2024 offers a comprehensive analysis of plant species like Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Allium sativum, highlighting their multiple mechanisms of action, including anti-inflammatory and anti-H. pylori effects. The findings highlights the potential of these ethnobotanical resources to complement or replace synthetic drugs, addressing the growing need for safer and more effective peptic ulcer treatments. Full Abstract The common gastrointestinal ailment known as peptic ulcer is characterized by damage to the stomach and duodenum's mucosal integrity, mostly as a result of an unbalanced interaction between mucus production and other defensive systems and aggressive elements like gastric acid. Pain, loss of appetite, bloating, nausea, perforations, weight loss, bloody stools, or vomiting are some of the signs that identify the condition. The necessity for efficient treatment plans is highlighted by the rising incidence of peptic ulcers, which is made worse by conditions including Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Herbal drugs are emerging as alternative remedies for various health conditions. With an emphasis on the bioactive chemicals and pharmacological properties of these plants, this review investigates the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in the management of peptic ulcers. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic qualities of a variety of medicinal plants. We looked through scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to find pertinent research that was published between 2010 and 2024. Terms like "peptic ulcer," "anti-ulcer plants," "plant-derived drugs for peptic ulcer," "herbal drugs," and "phytomedicine for peptic ulcer" were used in the search. Thirty-three (33) full-text articles out of 2,650 entries that were examined and found to match the inclusion criteria were included. Plant species, bioactive chemicals, and their proven effects on peptic ulcers in preclinical research were the main topics of data extraction. This review highlights the many modes of action and therapeutic applications of the several medicinal plant extracts that have been connected to anti-ulcer properties. The ethnobotanical plants were discovered to be a rich source of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, simple phenols, and saponins. Numerous therapeutic plants with potent anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities have been found to exist, such as Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Allium sativum. These plants improve mucosal defence systems, lower stomach acid output, control inflammatory mediators, and inhibit H. pylori, offering considerable therapeutic potential. More research is required to fully understand the medical potential of these natural medicines, as the findings show that they can successfully complement current treatments for peptic ulcers, lowering dependency on synthetic pharmaceuticals and minimizing associated adverse effects.
... However, the ethnomedicinal versatility of the total number of ailments treated with M. indica was higher in this study than in previous studies. G. senegalensis ethnomedicinal applications are well documented for folk medicine (da Silva et al. 2011) and ethnoveterinary application in treating livestock (Koné et al. 2008;Yirga et al. 2012). However, its mention in ethnoveterinary applications for managing poultry disease, particularly chicken diseases, is limited in other parts of Africa. ...
Background: Indigenous chickens raised in free-range production systems constitute a significant source of poultry products, particularly in rural communities. The free-range system exposes indigenous chickens to diseases, with access to veterinary services constrained by the remoteness of most rural settlements. Ethnoveterinary practice is used to manage indigenous chicken diseases in Ghana. This study aimed to take an inventory of the plant species used to treat indigenous chicken ailments and determine their cultural importance in the Adaklu district of the Volta region. Methods: Ethnoveterinary data on botanicals used for treating chicken diseases were gathered from 120 respondents in the Adaklu district of the Volta region. The cultural significance of species for ethnoveterinary purposes was evaluated using quantitative ethnobotanical indices. Results: A total of 36 plant species from 25 botanical families were identified to be used for treating chicken ailments. Word frequency of ailments using WordItOut revealed that Newcastle Disease (ND) symptoms, commonly associated with free-range indigenous chickens, were the most common conditions. Mangifera indica and Gymnosporia senegalensis were the most culturally important and versatile plant species applied to treat symptoms associated with Newcastle Disease. Conclusions: Most plant species cited in this study can be grouped as belonging to fringes of cultural practices due to their infrequent number of mentions and low cultural importance indices. The study recommends documenting indigenous knowledge about ethnomedicine recourses in local communities before they are relegated to fringes of cultural practices. Keywords: Volta region, Newcastle Disease (ND), Mangifera indica, Gymnosporia senegalensis, idiosyncratic knowledge, perceived efficacy
... Several members of this genus are used in traditional medicine to treat cancer [2], gastric ulcers [3], and arthritis [4]. Maytenus species are known to contain a diverse group of triterpenoids [5][6][7], flavonoids [8,9], tannins [10], lignans [11,12], dihydro-β-agarofurans [4,13,14] and sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids [15][16][17] that display remarkable structural diversities and cytotoxicity [18][19][20][21][22], as well as insecticidal [23], antitumor-promoting [13], MDR-reverting [24][25][26], antitubercular [27], neuroprotective [28], immunosuppressive [29], anti-HIV [30], antiinflammatory [18], and medicinal properties [3,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. ...
Maytenus dhofarensis Sebsebe (Celestraceae) is a naturally growing shrub in Oman. It is not a reputed medicinal plant in Oman, but it is regionally endemic and causes shivering attacks on goats that graze on it. The chemical investigation of the hexane and chloroform extracts of the fruits and stems of M. dhofarensis afforded dihydro-β-agarofuran-type sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloid (1), lupanyl myristoate (2) and lignanolactone (3). Compounds (1–3) are new isolates from M. dhofarensis. The structures of these compounds were assigned through comprehensive IR, NMR, and ESI-MS analyses, and the relative configurations of compounds 1 and 3 were deduced from density function theory (DFT) calculations and NMR experiments. Compound 1 was assayed against the kinase enzyme and showed no inhibition activity for p38 alpha and delta at a 10 µM test concentration. Compound 3 inhibited the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) by 69.5%, compared to 70.9% and 78.0% for gallic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole, respectively, which were used as positive controls.
... Te interview enabled the collection of sociodemographic information concerning the age, gender, educational level, ethnic group, and religion of the respondents who specialized in the treatment of fractures, sprains, and wounds. Healers were in the 21-90 age range, with 35% between (31-50) years and (51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70) years and 25% between (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80)(81)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90) years. In addition, only 3% of healers were represented in the 21-30 age range. ...
Medicinal plants are frequently used in African countries due to their importance in the treatment of various conditions. In the northern Republic of Benin, traditional healers are recognized as specialists in the treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains. The present study was conducted to document the practices (diagnosis and materials) and traditional knowledge accumulated by healers in this region on their area of specialty. In addition, literature-based research was performed to support the usage of the most cited plants. Sixty traditional healers identified as “reference persons” from Atakora and Donga departments in the northern Republic of Benin, who specialized in the treatment of fractures, wounds, and sprains, were interviewed in their communities through a semi-structured questionnaire. Information about the practice, age of the healers, medicinal plants used in this treatment, methods of preparation, and administration were collected. Samples of the plant species were also collected, identified, and stored in the national herbarium at the University of Abomey-Calavi, the Republic of Benin. The study enabled the identification of thirty-four (34) species belonging to twenty-three (23) families. Ochna rhizomatosa and Ochna schweinfurthiana (21%) were the most quoted plants among the species, followed by Chasmanthera dependens (12.1%), Piliostigma thonningii (11.3%), and Combretum sericeum (8.1%). These plants were reported to strengthen bones, reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and promote healing in the northern part of the Republic of Benin. Besides their ability to treat fractures, wounds, and sprains, they are also used for multiple purposes in the West African subregions. According to the available literature, some of the plants will need to be investigated for their phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity to validate their ethnobotanical uses. These results confirm the need for documenting traditional knowledge since it represents an opportunity for exploring plant species with potentially good pharmacological effects, which have been barely investigated. Plants identified may constitute a significant source of bioactive compounds in the treatment of various ailments such as skin inflammation and musculoskeletal disorders. They can be further explored to justify their use in traditional Beninese medicine.
... Most members of the family are shrub to small trees, although members of some genera such as Bhesa, Koona, and Lapophetalum, reach up to 50 m high and have buttressed trunk. Most Celastraceae are erect but members of some genera such as Celastrus, Euonymus, Maytenus, etc are scandent [5]. The genus has been reported to contain various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, phenolic glucosides, triterpenes. ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharamacognostic parameters for the plant M. senegalensis, to ensure its purity, quality and safety. Methodology: Whole powdered leaves and methanolic extract were used. Pharmacognostic standards were determined according to the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters determined are macroscopic and microscopic characters (quantitative and qualitative), physicochemical parameters as well as preliminary phytochemical tests. Results: Macroscopically the leaves of M. senegalensis are alternately arranged with glabrous surface, serrated margin, and a characteristic taste and odor. Microspically, the leaves have stomata that is anomocytic type on both upper (SN= 80.50-70.00-59.50, SI= 10.81-12.72-14.63) and lower epidermis (SN= 101.78-88.50-75.23, SI= 10.65-12.53-14.41), the epidermal cells were polygonal in shape and trichomes were absent. The vein islet number was determined to be 23.46-20.40-17.34 and the vein let termination number was 17.94-15.60-13.26. Transverse sections of the leaves revealed a dorsiventral type having a singled layered epidermis, palisade cell beneath the upper epidermis, with some vascular bundles at the center covered by a bundle carp, and some spongy mesophyll. Chemo-microscopical study revealed the presence of cellulose cell wall, lignified fibers, starch grains, calcium oxalates, fixed oil and fats. Other determinations include: moisture content (9.33 % w/w ± 0.01), total ash (7.83.00 % w/w ± 0.004) acid-insoluble ash (01.67% w/w ± 0.01), alcohol-soluble extractive values (12.00% w/w ± 0.10), and water-soluble extractive values (13.25%w/w ± 0.04). Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic leave extract reveals the presence alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Conclusion: The drug can be stored in powdered form for a long time without worrying about its purity based on the moisture content value obtained. The high digestibility of the plant when eaten is indicated by the low total ash and acid-insoluble ash values obtained (i.e can be safely eaten). The drug may be very significant in the development of phytomedicines, according to the results of the phytochemical screening.
... Interestingly, the extract also prevented the parasite induces loss of packed cell volume (PCV, figure 1), and body weight gain (figure 2), when compared with the infected non, treated control (Table 6). Halea ciliata is a traditional herb, which has been used traditionally for the treatment of some inflammatory and infectious diseases in Africa [39]. Collectively this finding revealed that the crude methanol extract of Halea Ciliata suppress the replication of plasmodium berghei infection and prolonged the survival days of the animal. ...
Background: Halea ciliata (Abura leaves) is a medicinal plant and has long been used for the treatment of several diseases including malaria, pains and inflammation, However, no complete pharmacological study to confirm these effects have been reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimalarial effects of Halea ciliata were investigated. Methods: The leaf of Halea ciliata was extracted with ethanol. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the egg albumin induced paw oedema while the analgesic activities were investigated using the hot-plate and Tail flick tests in mice. The anti-malaria activities were evaluated in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results: The crude methanol extract of Halea ciliata had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg and contains alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, terpenoid and saponin. In vivo analysis revealed that the crude extract demonstrated 78.64±4.32 % and 78.09±2.34% inhibition of the Plasmodium berghei parasite, while chloroquine, exhibited 92.12±3.45 % activities. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) suppressed the egg albumin induce paw oedema with percentage inhibition of 13.55±0.34, and 11.88±1.34 at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, while the standard drug caused 64.40±2.34 inhibition of paw oedema when compared to the non-treated controls. Similarly, the crude extract demonstrated significant analgesic activities in both the hot plate and tail-flick models. Conclusion: These results suggest that crude methanol extract of Halea ciliata has potent anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities.
... M. senegalensis is a plant of the family Celastraceae, widely distributed in the world and widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, South America, Australia and Asia [4][5][6][7] . It is a small tree or shrub with a narrow, open crown about 6 m high, which can reach 15 m often occurring in bushes 8,9 . The tips of the twigs are lignified and spiny with straight, axillary spines 1-2 cm long or terminal and longer. ...
... The genus Maytenus is an important source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Phytochemical studies have reported the presence of several families of compounds 8,10,11 which confer important bioactivity to these plants 10,12 . These plants are widely used worldwide as medicinal plants in the treatment of gastric disorders, such as gastric ulcer, but also as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiasthmatic, antitumor, diuretic, laxative 10,[13][14][15] . ...
... The roots are associated with the treatment of leprosy by some healers 16 . Pharmacologically, the literature describes an in vivo effect of the roots against different species of Plasmodium, 19 anti-parasitic 17,[20][21][22] , antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities 8,15,23,24 . ...
Background : Maytenus senegalensis is a medicinal plant endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, widely used in traditional medicine. Genus Maytenus is an important source of bioactive secondary metabolites found in different parts of the plant. Phytochemical studies have reported the presence of several families of compounds such as flavonoids, pentacyclic triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, and tannins as well as maytansinoids which confer to these plants an important bioactivity and justify their use in traditional medicine. Pharmacologically it has been reported that the roots of the plant have antifalcemic activity in vitro on the red blood cells of sickle cell patients. This action gives hope for a future remedy against sickle cell disease. The objective of our study is in line with the general dynamics of improving knowledge on medicinal plants with a view to revalorising the African and Senegalese Pharmacopoeia for an efficient health care of the populations. The aim is to evaluate the safety of the extract of the roots of M. senegalensis by a study of toxicity in animals. Materials and Methods : safety of the methanolic root extract was assessed by determining the acute and subacute toxicity after oral administration of the extract in Wistar rats in accordance with OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. Results : the results showed a high LD 50 in the order of 5000 mg/kg, thus a low to none acute toxicity. The subacute toxicity allowed to determine a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 500 mg/kg Conclusion : The methanolic extract of the roots of M. senegalensis was found to be practically non-toxic at the doses tested in rats by the oral route.
... Used to treat opportunistic infections in PLHIV, wound, chest pain, rheumatism. Used to treat tuberculosis, dysentery, pneumonia in Africa and malaria in Tanzania [212][213][214] Stem bark extract inhibited HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 protease [63] The plant was toxic to mice at 1200 mg/kg [212] Monkey pox ...
Introduction: For decades, viral diseases have been treated using medicinal plants and herbal practices in the northern part of Nigeria. Though scarcely investigated, these medicinal plants could serve as potential sources for novel antiviral drugs against emerging and remerging viral diseases. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the medicinal practices and plants used to treat emerging and re-emerging viral diseases including hepatitis, poliomyelitis, monkeypox, smallpox, yellow fever, Lassa fever, meningitis, and COVID-19 in some northern states; Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara and Sokoto states. Method: Administered questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information on medicinal plants, method of preparation of herbal formulations, diagnosis, and treatment of viral diseases. Medicinal plants were collected, botanically identified, and assigned voucher numbers. The plant names were verified using www. theplantlist.org, www.worldfloraonline.org and the international plant names index. Result: A total of 280 participating herbal medicine practitioners (HMPs) mentioned 131 plants belonging to 65 families. Plant parts such as roots, bark, leaf, seed, and fruit were prepared as a decoction, concoction, infusion, or ointment for oral and topical treatment of viral diseases. Moringa oleifera (75.3%), Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (80%), and Acacia nilotica (70%) were the most frequently mentioned plants in Kebbi, Kwara and Sokoto states, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed scarcely investigated and uninvestigated medicinal plants used to treat hepatitis, poliomyelitis, monkeypox, smallpox, yellow fever, Lassa fever, meningitis, and COVID-19. Future studies should be conducted to determine the antiviral potency and isolate novel bioactive agents from these plants against viral diseases.
... The result of Haule and colleagues [195] is similar to the hydro-alcoholic extract of Maytenus robusta reducing ulceration at doses of 500 mg/kg body weight comparable to 30 mg/kg body weight omeprazole at almost same levels of gastro protection. Toxicity studies in animal model indicated the aqueous oral extract was relatively safe [212]. This review has shown the opportunity for more anti-ulcer activity work to be conducted on M. senegalensis to justify its inclusion in the preparation of Dyspepsia for treatment of PUD. ...
Peptic ulcer disease affects many people globally. With the increasing resistance to some orthodox antibiotics such as Clarithromycin and Metronidazole, it is important that new acceptable, safer and effective therapies are developed to manage this disease. Various herbal medicines have been used traditionally for the remedy of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), however scientific information with regards to their anti-peptic ulcer both in-vivo and in-vitro as well as clinical studies supporting their use is still inadequate. The Centre for Plant Medicine Research, (CPMR) Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana manufactures three herbal Products namely Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules which are currently used for the remedy of PUD as a triple therapy at its out-patient clinic with promising effects. The aim of this review is to gather information from literature on the anti-ulcer properties, pharmacological, phytochemical constituents and related activities of herbal plants used at the CPMR for formulation of the triple herbal therapy. This review may, provide some scientific bases for the use of Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules in the management of Peptic ulcer at the CPMR out-patient clinic.
Methods
Organization for the review involved the on and/or offline search for information from available literature using electronic data and scientific research information resources such as PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar.
Results
In this review, fifteen ethno-medicinal plants used for the formulation of Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK capsules have been discussed, presenting the description of the plants, composition and pharmacological activity.
Interpretation
Tables with the summary of reviewed medicinal plants with their anti-ulcer models and inference on possible mechanisms of action were drawn up. The mechanism(s) of action of individual plants and products (Enterica, Dyspepsia and NPK 500 capsules) must be further investigated and established experimentally in-vitro in addition to in-vivo pharmacological and clinical activity studies to confirm their use in the remedy of PUD.
