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![General appearance of the three genera of Blechnaceae subfamily Stenochlaenoideae. A. Salpichlaena volubilis (MO3588318); B. Stenochlaena scandens (P01420182); C. telmatoblechnum serrulatum (MO2003917). Vouchers are indicated by herbarium barcodes. Stenochlaena J.Sm., in Hooker, J. Bot. 3: 401. 1841.—Lectotype (designated by Pfeiffer, Nom. 2: 1274. 1874): Stenochlaena scandens J.Sm., nom. illeg. [= Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd., 1876]. Figs. 2B, 5E. Lomariobotrys Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. 45. 1852—Type: Lomariobotrys tenuifolia (Desv.) Fée, Mém. Fam. Foug. 5: 46. 1852 = [Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) T.Moore]](profile/Vinicius-Dittrich/publication/308389609/figure/fig2/AS:408745034174466@1474463818445/General-appearance-of-the-three-genera-of-Blechnaceae-subfamily-Stenochlaenoideae-A.png)
General appearance of the three genera of Blechnaceae subfamily Stenochlaenoideae. A. Salpichlaena volubilis (MO3588318); B. Stenochlaena scandens (P01420182); C. telmatoblechnum serrulatum (MO2003917). Vouchers are indicated by herbarium barcodes. Stenochlaena J.Sm., in Hooker, J. Bot. 3: 401. 1841.—Lectotype (designated by Pfeiffer, Nom. 2: 1274. 1874): Stenochlaena scandens J.Sm., nom. illeg. [= Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd., 1876]. Figs. 2B, 5E. Lomariobotrys Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. 45. 1852—Type: Lomariobotrys tenuifolia (Desv.) Fée, Mém. Fam. Foug. 5: 46. 1852 = [Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) T.Moore]
Source publication
The fern family Blechnaceae, with about 250 species, has traditionally comprised one large genus, Blechnum, plus seven to nine smaller genera, most with fewer than 10 species. Several phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that Blechnum in the traditional sense is not a monophyletic group. We propose a new classification for the family, with three...
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We describe a new genus of Xanthopygina as Peripus gen. n. Chatzimanolis & Hightower and include the following species: P. brunkei sp. n. Chatzimanolis & Hightower, P. didontus sp. n. Chatzimanolis & Hightower, P. madrededios sp. n. Chatzimanolis & Hightower, and P. monodontus sp. n. Chatzimanolis & Hightower. Peripus belongs in the Isanopus group...
A redescription of the genus Antrosedes Reitter, 1912 is given. An identification key for both species of the genus, as well as data on their distribution is provided.
Citations
... The XRF scanning of herbarium specimens at Herbarium Bangka Belitungense led to the discovery of specimens with 1000 µg g −1 > REE concentrations in B. orientalis (L.) C.Presl. This taxon was previously known as Blechnum orientale (L.) and is widespread in Southeast Asia (de Gasper et al. 2016(de Gasper et al. , 2017Schuettpelz et al. 2016). The fieldwork then focussing on B. orientalis. ...
Background and Aims
Indonesia is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, but only a few metal hyperaccumulator plants have been reported from this vast country. This study aimed to discover rare earth element (REE) hyperaccumulator plants on Bangka Island, an area known to have REE enriched soils associated with tin placer deposits.
Methods
Prior to this study, herbarium specimens at the Universitas Bangka Belitung Herbarium were screened using non-destructive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning to detect specimens with anomalous REE concentrations. Fieldwork was subsequently conducted to collect samples from plant species suspected to be (hyper)accumulators based on the earlier XRF survey. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-XRF were used to verify the possibility of surface contamination by soil particles in plant specimens, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine total elemental concentrations in the plant material.
Results
Blechnopsis orientalis was found to hyperaccumulate REEs up to 3000 µg g⁻¹ as well as arsenic up to 2100 µg g⁻¹. The non-destructive analysis found no dust or soil contamination on B. orientalis specimens, confirming it as a genuine REE and arsenic hyperaccumulator. Additionally, the known REE hyperaccumulator Dicranopteris linearis was confirmed to be a REE hyperaccumulator on Bangka Island.
Conclusion
Blechnopsis orientalis is a REE hyperaccumulator with high potential for phytoextraction as it is a faster growing and larger species than D. linearis. As B. orientalis and D. linearis are native to Bangka Island, both should be studied further for their application in rehabilitating and extracting REEs from the (abandoned) tin mine areas.
... In the Early Holocene, high percentages of pollen and spores from Acaena magellanica, Carex austrocompacta, Lycopodium saururus, and Austroblechnum penna-marina subsp. penna-marinaformerly named Blechnum penna-marina (De Gasper et al., 2016) -indicate a broad climate optimum. These species thrive in sheltered habitats under warm conditions (Young and Schofield, 1973). ...
The Southern Hemisphere Westerlies (SHW) are a vital part of the Southern Hemisphere's coupled ocean-atmosphere system and play an important role in the global climate system. The SHW affect the upwelling of carbon-rich deep water and exchange of CO 2 from the ocean to the atmosphere by driving the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. On seasonal to millennial timescales, changes in the strength and position of the SHW are associated with temperature and precipitation changes throughout the extratropical Southern Hemisphere. Understanding the behaviour of the SHW under different background climate states is important for anticipating its future behaviour and remains a subject of ongoing research. Terrestrial paleoclimate records from lake sediments are valuable for reconstructing past atmospheric change and records from the handful of sub-Antarctic islands provide the opportunity to develop datasets to document spatio-temporal patterns of long-term SHW behaviour. Here, we generate palynological, microcharcoal, and sedimentological reconstructions (including CT imagery, μXRF analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and loss-on-ignition) on lake sediments from the Kerguelen Islands (49 • S) to constrain variability in Holocene vegetation, climate, and atmospheric circulation (SHW position). Due to the influence of the SHW on the Kerguelen Islands, the influx of long-distance transported (LDT) pollen and microcharcoal from southern Africa serve as proxies for the meridional position of the SHW. In contrast with the stable conditions that prevailed on the Kerguelen Islands over the past 8,600 cal yr BP, our findings reveal a highly dynamic Early Holocene period. Consistent with local palynological evidence of warmer conditions, a high influx of LDT pollen and charcoal from southern Africa suggest that the SHW core belt was located further south of the Kerguelen Islands during this time. Comparison against paleoclimate records from the surrounding region and beyond suggests that the inferred changes might be explained by changes to our planet's interhemispheric thermal gradient, triggered by North Atlantic cooling in response to melting of the last remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
... El género Parablechnum fue descrito originalmente por Presl en 1851, pero por mucho tiempo fue incluido dentro de Blechnum (Tryon y Tryon 1982, Smith et al. 2006. Recientemente y con base en datos moleculares y morfológicos fue restablecido (Gasper et al. 2016), al igual que otros y propuestos algunos nuevos, con lo cual la familia está formada actualmente por 24 géneros y cerca de 250 especies (Gasper et al. 2016). ...
... El género Parablechnum fue descrito originalmente por Presl en 1851, pero por mucho tiempo fue incluido dentro de Blechnum (Tryon y Tryon 1982, Smith et al. 2006. Recientemente y con base en datos moleculares y morfológicos fue restablecido (Gasper et al. 2016), al igual que otros y propuestos algunos nuevos, con lo cual la familia está formada actualmente por 24 géneros y cerca de 250 especies (Gasper et al. 2016). ...
... Parablechnum es un género pantropical de 65 especies (Gasper et al. 2016, Molino 2022, de éstas 38 crecen en América (Molino 2022). Para Colombia se han registrado 16 especies (Rodríguez 2011, Murillo-P et al. 2016, Molino 2022) que crecen principalmente en la región Andina por encima de los 1500 m de altitud, además, se encuentran en la región pacífica y en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Murillo-P et al. 2016). ...
A synopsis is presented for the species of the genus Parablechnumfrom Colombia. Collections deposited in various herbaria and online images werereviewed. The genus is represented by 18 species, which represents 45% of the American species. These species are distributed mainly in the Andean region from 800 to 3500 m altitude. P. givalumand P.imbricatumare described as new species and lectotypes are designated for fourspecies. A key was elaborated to separate the Colombian species. For each species,its diagnostic characteristicsare described.
... There were evidences, however, during last decades, that Blechnum was non-monophyletic (Cranfill & Kato 2003;Schuettpelz & Pryer 2007;Shepherd et al. 2007;Rothfels et al. 2012;Gabriel y Galán et al. 2013;Perrie et al. 2014). So, a new classification proposed by Gasper et al. (2016Gasper et al. ( , 2017, adopted by PPG I (2016), recognizes 24 genera, and a new genus proposed by Molino et al. (2019) expands the number to 25. The largest genus is Parablechnum C. Presl, followed by Austroblechnum Gasper & V.A.O. ...
... Since Gasper et al. (2016Gasper et al. ( , 2017, we found out that some new combinations were necessary. So, here we provide new information about the nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution of the family Blechnaceae in tropical America. ...
... Gasper & Salino in Gasper et al. (2016: 217). Gasper et al. (2016) combined the name Lomaria ryanii under Parablechnum (Parablechnum ryanii). Notwithstanding, in the Fern Flora of the Lesser Antilles (Proctor 1977) Blechnum striatum (Sw.) ...
We present here new discoveries in Blechnaceae (Polypodiopsida). There are new records in Austroblechnum, Blechnum, Cranfillia, and Parablechnum for different political units and areas of the Neotropics. These (and other) records are reported here, alongside with two new necessary combinations in Parablechnum and an updated key to the Brazilian species of the genus. Also, an update of Blechnum description was made.
... These two estimations are the first for Parablechnum C.Presl. Although the genus has been reported to have a labile karyotype (Gasper & al., 2016), this species has been reported to have 2n = 66 chromosomes (Jara-Seguel & al., 2006). This is the first genome size estimation for the species. ...
... Our findings have confirmed that L. spannagelii, similar to its sister species L. nuda, possesses green spores. In a phylogenetic analysis of four out of the six species of the genus, Gasper et al. (2016) identified two clades of Lomaria, both containing species with green spores, suggesting that this may be a shared trait of the genus. The genus Lomaria was first described in 1809 (Willdenow 1809) and has been recently recognized in a new classification of ferns and lycophytes (PPG I 2016). ...
... The genus Lomaria was first described in 1809 (Willdenow 1809) and has been recently recognized in a new classification of ferns and lycophytes (PPG I 2016). This genus is characterized by deeply grooved rachises and discolorous blades (Gasper et al. 2016;Dittrich et al. 2018), and comprises only 2.2% of the family, with six species with a pantropical distribution. Characters of spores are widely used as evidence to prove the significance of phylogenies and the proximity of clades, and the same applies to the Blechnaceae family (Moran et al. 2018). ...
Fern spores play a vital role in dispersal. The unique features of spores, such as size, thickness, and ornamentation can aid in taxonomic decisions and division of groups. Moreover, certain species of ferns possess green spores containing chlorophyll, an uncommon feature that can reinforce the evidence of relatedness within a specific group. Lomaria spannagelii is a Neotropical species endemic to Brazil, and, even though green spores have been reported in its sister species, Lomaria nuda and Lomaria discolor, the presence of these spores has not yet been investigated in L. spannagelii. In this study, we investigated the morphology of L. spannagelii spores and sporangia, and, additionally, we determined the chromosome count of the species. Our results showed that the analyzed species has green spores, a characteristic shared with L. nuda and L. discolor, and has 2n = 64 chromosomes. This discovery provides new insights into this fern genus and emphasizes the importance of spore color and chromosome count in systematic and evolutionary studies of ferns.
... The presence of hydathodes is an important taxonomic character and is frequently used in keys for the identification of species (Gasper et al. 2017;Kessler et al. 2017;Kessler et al. 2018;. Although hydathodes occur in over 1000 species of 19 fern families (Mehltreter et al. 2022), the anatomy and chemical composition of their exudates have been studied for only a few species within the families Blechnaceae (Ogura 1972;Sperry 1983), Polypodiaceae (de la Sota 1966;Ogura 1972;Mehltreter et al. 2022), Nephrolepidaceae (Mehltreter et al. 2022) and Pteridaceae (Terán et al. 2009;Cantamessa et al. 2015). ...
... PPG I (2016) accepted the classification proposed by Gasper et al. (2016) recognizing 24 genera in Blechnaceae. Molino et al. (2019) published a further update segregating Spicantopsis from Struthiopteris based on plastid phylogeny and morphology, and we adopted their generic concept. ...
... Originally proposed by Presl (1851), the genus Parablechnum was long included in the synonymy of Blechnum (Smith et al. 2006). The genus was recently re-established, according to morphological (Gasper et al. 2016) and molecular data . Parablechnum is a pantropical genus comprised by 65 species (Gasper et al. 2016, Molino 2022). ...
... The genus was recently re-established, according to morphological (Gasper et al. 2016) and molecular data . Parablechnum is a pantropical genus comprised by 65 species (Gasper et al. 2016, Molino 2022). There are 38 species in the Americas, among which 16 have been recorded in Colombia, growing mostly in the Andean Region above 1500 m (Rodríguez 2011, Murillo et al. 2016, Molino 2022. ...
... Parablechnum is characterized by having pinnate laminae, truncated at the base, usually conform apical pinnae (Gasper et al. 2016), and petiolulate to subsessile pinnae (Molino 2022). Some unusual characters in this genus include the long, creeping, and scandent rhizomes of Parablechnum stuebelii (Hieron.) ...
Parablechnum prostratum, a new species with dimorphic leaves from southern Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by featuring prostrate sterile leaves, a unique character within the genus. Morphological similarities and resemblances to other species of Parablechnum are discussed.
... Parablechnum C.Presl is the most diverse genus within the fern family Blechnaceae, with about 65 species (Gasper et al. 2016) whose range shows two major centres of diversity, one in Meso and South America and a second one centred in Eastern Australasia. Currently, only two species are considered native outside these centres (Rakotondrainibe et al. 2013;Gasper et al. 2016), one present in southern and south-eastern Africa, Parablechnum capense (Burm.f.) Gasper & Salino and a second one native to the western Indian Ocean (Madagascar and the Mascarenes), Parablechnum marginatum (Kuhn) Gasper & Salino. ...
... Parablechnum C.Presl is the most diverse genus within the fern family Blechnaceae, with about 65 species (Gasper et al. 2016) whose range shows two major centres of diversity, one in Meso and South America and a second one centred in Eastern Australasia. Currently, only two species are considered native outside these centres (Rakotondrainibe et al. 2013;Gasper et al. 2016), one present in southern and south-eastern Africa, Parablechnum capense (Burm.f.) Gasper & Salino and a second one native to the western Indian Ocean (Madagascar and the Mascarenes), Parablechnum marginatum (Kuhn) Gasper & Salino. Two varieties are currently considered within the latter (Rakotondrainibe et al. 2013;Gasper et al. 2016). ...
... Currently, only two species are considered native outside these centres (Rakotondrainibe et al. 2013;Gasper et al. 2016), one present in southern and south-eastern Africa, Parablechnum capense (Burm.f.) Gasper & Salino and a second one native to the western Indian Ocean (Madagascar and the Mascarenes), Parablechnum marginatum (Kuhn) Gasper & Salino. Two varieties are currently considered within the latter (Rakotondrainibe et al. 2013;Gasper et al. 2016). The type variety, Parablechnum marginatum var. ...
Under the current treatment of the Blechnaceae, only one species of the fern genus Parablechnum is recognised in the western Indian Ocean, often referred to as P. marginatum . Two varieties are currently recognised within it: a type variety present in the Mascarene Islands of Réunion and Mauritius and P. marginatum var. humbertii in Madagascar. Recent molecular evidence suggested that these two varieties are not closely related, questioning their conspecific status. To collect further evidence to support a taxonomic decision, we performed a morphological study based on 57 herbarium specimens comparing traits from general morphology, cross section of the fertile pinnae, sporangia and spores. As a result, Malagasy specimens can be distinguished morphologically from the Mascarene ones by pinna apex and pinna section, the presence of sporangiasters and spore ornamentation. Additionally, spore size analyses resulted in statistically significant differences between both varieties. Our results, aligned with the available phylogenetic data, support that these two taxa should be recognised as separate species and, hence, we propose the necessary new combination and provide full descriptions.
