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General anesthesia in multiple age-classes of E. berryi with a combination of 1% EtoH (v/v) and 1:3 ratio of isotonic MgCl2:SW. (A) Photographic sequence showing progressive outward signs of anesthesia induction. In all age classes paling of the arms progressed from tip to base (Black arrowheads), which was followed by all-over mantle paling (white arrowhead, 4th panel) and finally relaxation of chromatophores across the head-bar, between the eyes (5th panel). Once squid were completely pale, we tested for complete anesthesia by recording absence of response to visual stimulation, vibratory stimulation, or light touch on the body surface. Latency between complete paling and full anesthesia was variable. (B) Comparisons among the three age classes tested showed no significant differences in latency to paling of arms, mantle or head bars. (C) Reversal times were counted from the point where solutions were changed to fresh seawater. Return of chromatophore tone followed the reverse order of induction. In hatchlings we were only able to reliably identify whole-body darkening on recovery. No significant differences between age classes were found. (D) Latency to complete anesthesia and complete reversal wee compared among the age classes. No differences in induction times were found, but hatchlings recovered significantly faster than juvenile and senescent squid (one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests,
Source publication
Cephalopods’ remarkable behavior and complex neurobiology make them valuable comparative model organisms, but studies aimed at enhancing welfare of captive cephalopods remain uncommon. Increasing regulation of cephalopods in research laboratories has resulted in growing interest in welfare-oriented refinements, including analgesia and anesthesia. A...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... in all three age classes were effectively anesthetized with a combination of 1:3 MgCl2:ASW combined with 1% EtOH by volume. Behavioral signs of anesthesia were similar for all age classes, characterized by progressive paling of chromatophores starting at the tips of the arms and ending with relaxation of the dark head-bar ( Figure 6A). This pattern occurred in reverse order during anesthesia reversal. ...
Context 2
... squid recovered after full anesthesia except for one hatchling, which died during anesthesia induction, and all squid who underwent successful reversal of anesthesia were alive 24 h later. Induction indicators ( Figure 6B) and reversal indicators ( Figure 6C In all age classes paling of the arms progressed from tip to base (Black arrowheads), which was followed by all-over mantle paling (white arrowhead, 4th panel) and finally relaxation of chromatophores across the head-bar, between the eyes (5th panel). Once squid were completely pale, we tested for complete anesthesia by recording absence of response to visual stimulation, vibratory stimulation, or light touch on the body surface. ...
Context 3
... squid recovered after full anesthesia except for one hatchling, which died during anesthesia induction, and all squid who underwent successful reversal of anesthesia were alive 24 h later. Induction indicators ( Figure 6B) and reversal indicators ( Figure 6C In all age classes paling of the arms progressed from tip to base (Black arrowheads), which was followed by all-over mantle paling (white arrowhead, 4th panel) and finally relaxation of chromatophores across the head-bar, between the eyes (5th panel). Once squid were completely pale, we tested for complete anesthesia by recording absence of response to visual stimulation, vibratory stimulation, or light touch on the body surface. ...
Citations
... This is mainly due to ongoing debates regarding which animals can feel pain, an issue that is reliant on biology as much as it is on the definition of pain. Regardless, emerging evidence suggests the presence of pain in cephalopods and efforts are underway to identify analgesic and anesthetic targets that could be used to improve their welfare (Deutsch et al., 2023). Similarly, a recent review of over 300 studies discovered that, at least in six major insect groups, reliable data support pain perception (Crump et al., 2023). ...
Pain is a subjective experience for which we lack a thorough mechanistic understanding. While it has often been considered a secondary symptom of a disease, research has revealed that chronic pain can be recognized as a disease of its own. Preclinical studies often use animal models to understanding the pathology and test potential therapies with clinical trials of novel analgesics often showing underwhelming results. From a clinician's perspective, pain can be challenging to treat without incurring undesirable drug effects. Pain research, diagnosis, and treatment have changed dramatically over the last two decades. This has coincided with shifts in reliance on opioid-based approaches to managing pain. Here we present an overview of recent advances in preclinical research, novel approaches to diagnosis and treatment, along with considerations for animal care. Collectively, this report may provide a guide on which to base relevant policy changes that would meet the demands of societal need and satisfy the need for scientific evidence.
Interest in cephalopods as comparative models in neuroscience, cognition, behavior and ecology is surging due to recent advances in culture and experimental techniques. Although cephalopods have a long history in research, their use had remained limited due to the challenges of funding work on comparative models, the lack of modern techniques applicable to them and the small number of labs with the facilities to keep and house large numbers of healthy animals for long periods. Breakthroughs in each of these areas are now creating new interest in cephalopods from researchers who trained and worked in other models, as well as allowing established cephalopod labs to grow and collaborate more widely. This broadening of the field is essential to its long-term health, but also brings with it new and heightened scrutiny from animal rights organizations, federal regulatory agencies, and members of the public. As a community, it is critical that scientists working with cephalopods engage in discussions, studies and communication that promote high standards for cephalopod welfare. The concept of “social license to operate,” more commonly encountered in industry, recreation and agriculture, provides a useful lens through which to view proactive steps the cephalopod research community may take to ensure a strong future for our field.
In this Perspective, I discuss recent progress in cephalopod ethics and welfare studies, and use the conceptual framework of Social License to Operate to propose a forward-looking, public-facing strategy for parallel development of welfare-focused best-practices and scientific breakthroughs.