Table 2 - uploaded by Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
Content may be subject to copyright.
![General Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater [1].](profile/Mohamad-Ali-Fulazzaky-2/publication/49593922/figure/tbl1/AS:671533030711299@1537117359113/General-Characteristics-of-Domestic-Wastewater-1.png)
Source publication
![Fig. 1. Schematic Chart of Reactor Configuration [2].](profile/Mohamad-Ali-Fulazzaky-2/publication/49593922/figure/fig1/AS:671533030707201@1537117359072/Schematic-Chart-of-Reactor-Configuration-2_Q320.jpg)
![Table 2 . General Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater [1].](profile/Mohamad-Ali-Fulazzaky-2/publication/49593922/figure/tbl1/AS:671533030711299@1537117359113/General-Characteristics-of-Domestic-Wastewater-1_Q320.jpg)
This paper proposes an environmental engineering method based on biotechnology approach as one of the expected solutions that should be considered to implementing the activated sludge for improving the quality of water and living environment, especially to remove the major pollutant elements of domestic wastewater. Elimination of 3 major pollutant...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of the main characteristics of domestic wastewater is biodegradable, and depending of a food balance supplied to bacteria. The characteristics of domestic wastewater applying in this study which are remarked the ratio of the soluble to total matters in the raw wastewater is about 50% such as the average value of soluble COD is 279 mgO 2 /L and this of total COD is 504 mgO 2 /L as well as the average value of soluble phosphorus is 5.5 mgP/L and this of total phosphorus is 10.5 mgP/L, as shows in Table 2. ...
Context 2
... the transportation of domestic wastewater in the sewerage network system of a city, the polyphosphate and organic phosphorus containing the sewage transferred by hydrolysis process into the form of orthophosphate and, finally after passing the wastewater treatment plant the phosphorous compound in the clarify effluent remains about 90% in the form of orthophosphate [6]. The characteristics of domestic wastewater from Labege's municipality present in Table 2 which is indicated by the concentration of total phosphorus of 5.5 to 12.5 mgP/L, it is possible to consider that the loss of phosphorous matter during the transportation in the sewerage network system is caused by transferring the biodegradation organic matter into the biomass and by settling the phosphor through chemical precipitation onto the partition of ditch along the sewerage system. ...
Citations
... In addition, the distributed water respects the Moroccan standards of drinking water. Figures 10,11, and 12, present the monthly variations of the microbiological feed water, pretreated water and distributed water [15][16]. The analysis of the results bacteriological of distributed water shows in figure 9,10, and 11.The average load in total coliform is 0 UFC / 100 ml, 0 UFC / 100 ml of fecal coliform, 0 UFC / 100ml of fecal streptococci and 0-3 UFC/100ml of microorganisms (at 22°C and 37°c) [17]. ...
Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems are being increasingly used in the world as an efficient, reliable and cost-effective technology. It is widely used for the production of municipal and industrial grade water treating seawater and brackish water. Due to the continuously increasing demand for fresh water in the desert and remote areas. The most advanced and promising desalination system is the reverse osmosis (RO) system. In this paper, a 252m3/day RO desalination plant in the city of Tagounite, Morocco is taken as a case study. The measured data of the plant are recorded during 1 years of its normal operation. Also, experimental tests are carried out on site to investigate the influence of the main design and-operating parameters on the plant performance. The RO system is found to be sensitive to the variation in the feed water temperature, pressure and salinity. The used maintenance schedule is also seen to be suitable for the plant, since the change in plant performance during the operation period is not noticeable. On the other hand, a cost analysis is carried out on the RO plant components. The major factors affecting the cost of product water of this plant are the power consumption and capital cost. Surprisingly, the chemical treatment cost is one of the lowest in percentage. In this case, the power consumption cost is 35.1% and the capital cost is 33.6% and that of maintenance and repairs represent only 4.9% while the chemical treatment represents 10.6% of the total cost.
... In a situation which necessitates an augmentation in water needs, the orientation towards new resources is increasingly becoming necessary. The reuse of treated wastewater is the first and main alternative of conventional resources, they represent a significant potential of about 500millions of m3 in Morocco, over 700ha are irrigated with wastewater near major urban centers where we practice market gardening, cereal... [10,11]. As a consequence of water shortage, the treated urban wastewater, commonly discharged to the sewer in the past, is nowadays being the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture. ...
... International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences (IJCBS), 25(10) (2024):[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of activated sludge in reducing the biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (SS) of urban wastewater. To determine the optimal operating conditions for the activated sludge pilot plant, an extended pilot purification test was conducted. The pilot plant operating conditions that corresponded to a low mass load were: flow rate of 0.5 liters per hour, oxygenation rate of 60%, 100% recycling of activated sludge, and aeration tank agitation speed of 100 rev/min. During the trial period, the pilot plant operated under low mass load and consistently produced effluent with BOD5, COD, and SS levels that were significantly lower than the Moroccan discharge standards, with reductions of 90.20%, 89.79%, and 97.67%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of activated sludge as an effective wastewater treatment technology for urban wastewater.
... 4 NH + [10]. Therefore, the main objective of the configuration of bench scale reactor was clearly to have a design that could be applied by using activated sludge to reduce the major pollutants elements of domestic effluent such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate ions ( ), TP and total suspended solid (TSS) [11]. ...
... This design chose the total oxidation process or the classification of low loads reactor with the hydraulic retention time of 18 h and sludge's age of 12 days and also the recycle discharge of activated sludge of over 100% [11]. Figure 1 shows the bench scale reactor configuration of domestic wastewater and The principle dimensions of the reactor configuration were as follows; wastewater storage tank (200 L), reactor's volume (9 L), hydraulic retention time (18 h), sludge's age (12 days), influent and effluent discharges (9 mL min -1 ), recycle flows of activated sludge (172 mL min -1 ), and clarifier (7 L). ...
... Furthermore, with this pilot scale of domestic wastewater treatment plant, it can be concluded that the AD treatment system is efficient in removing carbonaceous matter of a domestic wastewater. The COD removal achieves with which the reactor's load of 5 g/L is suitable to match with microorganism growth for the purpose of removing carbonaceous matter [11]. ...
The discharge of excessive amounts of phosphorus (P) from domestic wastewater treatment plant effluent is of interest in this study because the abnormally high levels of P as one of the nutrient
elements can lead to eutrophication for the receiving waters. Although many methods have been proposed for the removal of P matter from industrial and municipal wastewater, such as Phoredox, A2OTM
and UCT-type, the use of alternating aerobic-anoxic (AAA) system must be verified. This study proposes the use of Discontinuous Aerobic-Anoxic Reactor to remove P from domestic wastewater treatment plant effluent using the nitrification and denitrification type of activated sludge. The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the efficiency of P removal from domestic wastewater treatment plant
effluent by a single reactor under aerobic digestion (AD) condition, and (2) to assess the performance of AAA process of using the different cycles of nitrification-denitrification to remove P from domestic
wastewater treatment plant effluent. The average efficiency of AD to remove P from domestic wastewater treatment plant effluent was 48%. The efficiencies of AAA system to remove P from domestic
wastewater treatment plant effluent, were verified as follows: (1) at 6 h AD and 6 h anoxic time (AT), (2) at 5 h AD and 5 h AT, (3) at 4 h AD and 4 h AT, (4) at 3 h AD and 3 h AT, and (5) at 2 h AD and 2 h AT, resulting to the average removal efficiencies of 0, 48, 82, 91, and 88%, respectively. The AAA system has exhibited a better performance compared to AD. The best condition of AAA system had a
period of 3 h AD and 3 h AT and reached 91% efficiency with an average treated effluent concentration of less than 1.0 mg L–1 P. High performance of the AAA process has been proven, giving new insights
into environmental engineering practices.
... Nitrification is a two-step process in which ammonium-nitrogen is converted into nitrites followed by nitrates in the presence of oxygen, which acts as an electron acceptor. In this study, nitrification and denitrification were achieved under anoxic condition (mixing tank of the system) as soluble COD acts as an electron acceptor instead of oxygen [33,34]. Removal efficiency of ammonium-nitrogen declined significantly by changing anoxic HRT from 30−90 min (at constant anaerobic HRT) as shown in Fig. 4. Maximum removal efficiency of 93 % was achieved at T ano /T an of 30 min/90 min as organic carbon in settling tank act as electron donors and reduce NO 3 into N 2 [35]. ...
... The effectiveness of suspended matter removal was less than 90% (on average 85.4%-89.8% for 2015 and 2016), i.e. below the lower limit value by the standard [52]. BOD5 removal efficiency reached the planned levels (80-95%) for a WW treatment plant with aerations tanks and biofilters [1]. ...
The study was carried out during the period 2015-2016 based on 24 physicochemical and 5 mi-crobiological wastewater (WW) parameters. WW samples were collected twice per month from both monitoring points (MPs) of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP)-MP-1 (in-let) and MP-2 (outlet) and screened parameters were analyzed according to Bulgarian standards complied with ISO standards. For the estimation of total and specific microbial load, selective chromogenic culture medium sheets were used. Multivariate statistical technique was applied to analyze the data for different parameters. It was found the ranges of variability and trends of inlet-outlet WW values changes. The MWWTP demonstrated different removal efficiency (8.31-97.8%) referring to different WW parameters. 127 strong positive and negative correlations exist between controlled WW parameters. The parameters involved in the most numerous statistically significant correlations were T o C and Cl. EC at inlet/outlet affected at a great extent Factor 1 of Rotated factor loading matrix. The factor analysis determined MP as a factor influencing the largest number of parameters (14), followed by factors Month (7) and Year (2). PCA revealed different WW parameters at inlet-outlet that were affected by F1 and F2. The treated WW did not meet the requirements for discharge in the receiving water body (with respect to the total P content) and for irrigation (as fats content and the number of total Coliforms, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. was concerned).
... The quality determining factor of pollutants is coming from domestic wastewater composing three major elements which are carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. This is due to the content of the wastewater has organic matter and human waste such as urine, garbage, food waste and other solid material [14]. Moreover, domestic wastewater also contain mixed of bacteria which can give serious impact on human health and environment if uncontrolled discharged happened [15]. ...
The common sources of water pollution in Malaysia are domestic sewage and industrial waste. Therefore, domestic wastewater quality effluent should be improved before discharged through the outlets. The alternative method of treatment uses microalgae for water remediation which is known as phycoremediation was applied. This technique is to remove or reduce nutrients and harmful pollutants in domestic wastewater. Thus, objective of the present study is to bioremediate the physiochemical and heavy metal from domestic wastewater using freshwater green microalgae Botryococcus sp. A photobioreactor is used to treat the wastewater by employing the microalgae Botryococcus sp. as a vital part of the treatment system. The results show that several nutrients have been reduced successfully such as phosphate and total phosphorus of 100% removal, inorganic carbon of 99% removal, total carbon of 42% removal, and nitrate of 10%. The most prominent heavy metal content that has been removed is Aluminium of 41%. At the same time, the growth of microalgae Botryococcus sp. in this wastewater has achieved the maximum value at Day 4 with 2.58 × 105 cell/ml only. These results show the potential of Botryococcus sp. cultivation as an alternative method to treat domestic wastewater and any other biotechnology works in the future.
... The pilot of treatment of wastewater is implemented in the laboratory and it includes an aeration tank fed by a peristaltic pump for sucking raw wastewater from sewage storage tank, and continuous agitation by an electric stirrer. [5,6,7,8] While the diaphragm pump supplies aeration tank by oxygen. we can adjusted this quantity of oxygen by the flow meter. ...
... The purified water is stored in a tank of treatment water. Activated sludge which is formed is recirculated using a pump to the aeration tank as shown in Figure 2. [5,6,7,8,10,11]. ...
... The pilot of treatment of wastewater is implemented in the laboratory and it includes an aeration tank fed by a peristaltic pump for sucking raw wastewater from sewage storage tank, and continuous agitation by an electric stirrer. [5,6,7,8] While the diaphragm pump supplies aeration tank by oxygen. we can adjusted this quantity of oxygen by the flow meter. ...
... The purified water is stored in a tank of treatment water. Activated sludge which is formed is recirculated using a pump to the aeration tank as shown in Figure 2. [5,6,7,8,10,11]. ...
The treatment domestic urban wastewater is growing nowadays, because of the rising cost of water and because of environmental pollution, and becoming an important water source for agricultural irrigation. The aim of this study was to decrease the biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Suspended solids (SS) of urban wastewater the city of Kenitra by activated sludge, in first time focusing on determining the best activated sludge pilot plant operating conditions after in order to confirm the performance of the station, a long duration of the pilot purification test was conducted. The pilot operating conditions correspond in terms of mass load to a low load are: Flow 0.5l / h; Oxygenation rate 60%; 100% recycling of the activated sludge; Aeration tank agitation 100 rev/min. Also, a sustained performance during the trial period, during which, the station operated in low mass load, producing water with BOD5, COD and SS, which is respectively (90.20%, 89. 79% et 97.67%) much lower levels in Moroccan discharge standards. The final treated wastewater could be reused water for agricultural irrigation.
... Understanding the relationship among these forms of phosphorus is necessary to understand sources of phosphorus and the extent to which phosphorus can move within the environment. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) or orthophosphates in a domestic sewage can range from 50% to 70%; the remainder should be in forms of polyphosphates and organic phosphorus [5]. Domestic sewage typically has total phosphorus levels ranging from 10 to 25 mgP L À1 corresponding to a load of 3.9-4.2 ...
Removal of phosphorus from a municipal wastewater by simultaneous precipitation of ironhydroxy-phosphate (IHP) was investigated. The addition of Fe3+ was performed to supplement biological excess phosphorus removal by a completely mixed alternating aerobic-anoxic (AAA) activated sludge process. The cycles of 3-h anoxic time and 3-h aerobic digestion were set to controlling a single-sludge nitrification-denitrification. In this study, attempt has been made to analyse the effects of initial dissolved Fe/P molar ratio and pH on IHP precipitation. The AAA treatment process to remove soluble reactive and total phosphorus from domestic wastewater had a moderate efficiency. The empirical formula of IHP that differs from different pH ranges was verified. Two types of Fe-4(OH)(9)PO4 and Fe-5(OH)(6)(PO4)(3) precipitate may occur in different conditions of the AAA process. The efficiency of phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater by an AAA process was verified to contribute to a working methodology for the application of technologies in the field of domestic wastewater treatment.
... The results of this study coincide with the study conducted by ZairulAin [14] which stated that almost 60% of waste water resources contributed by the domestic sector and 40% of the industrial sector. It appears in Figure 2, the highest fraction of N flow output was attained from effluent product with 64% (1034 tN/yr), followed with 36% (560 tN/yr) of sludge and biosolids-sludge.The N coefficients used in this study from a range of 8 to 25 mg/L in ISTs and PFs and 12 to 45 mg/L in CSTs [15,16,17]. The direct discharge for industrial wastewater and agriculture wastewater of 83-90% to the environment can be attributed to the "loss" through runoff or leaching mechanism due to these sectors are not served by IWK. ...
The Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method is often discussed in terms of water resources management. This paper attempts to measure and analyze the flow of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater sources to assess the trends and patterns of strain in environmental metabolism.Comparison between nitrogen and phosphorus accumulates in wastewater shows that, P discharged values to sewer system are lower as compared to N. Kemaman dan Kuala Terengganu are the dominant region that generating high volume of P and N-wastewater discharge.The study also delved mostly into recycling level of effluent and sludge, with only 3 to 5% of both products were reuse for agriculture and economic purpose. In conclusion, MFA techniques have been proposed to help the decision-makers in waste and nutrient management planning especially on implementing policies related to water and wastewater sectors.
