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Galianthe vaginata. A. Habit. B. Stipule. C–D. Long-styled flower. E–F. Short-styled flower. G. Fruit. H. Seed. (A–B, G–H, from Carmo 24; C–D, from Carmo 141; E–F, from Carmo 142). Illustration by Klei Sousa.
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An updated description of Galianthe vaginata is here presented. This species is endemic to the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil, and occurs in remnants of the Atlantic forest phytogeographic domain, in the campos de altitude, rocky outcrops, and along trails in montane rainforest. Its bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
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... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
Context 10
... -Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997): 874, fig. 10; this study, fig. 1. Phenology:-Flowering from August to April and fruiting in April. Distribution and ecology:-Galianthe vaginata is endemic to montane areas in Southeast Brazil, occurring at elevations from ca. 1,200 to 2,000 m. It occurs at six localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Fig. 3A-F) and one in the Serra do Mar (Fig. 3G): (A) Serra do Lopo, municipality of Extrema (MG); (B) district of Monte Verde, municipality of Camanducaia (MG); (C) Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, municipality of Campos do Jordão (SP); (D) São Francisco dos Campos, municipality of Delfim Moreira (MG); (E) Serra Fina, municipality of Itamonte (MG); (F) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (MG and RJ); and (G) municipality of Cunha (SP). Subpopulations are composed by a few to many individuals, which can be found solitary to aggregate ( Fig. 2A-B). The species occurs in the campos de altitude vegetation, rocky outcrops and along trails in montane rainforest, generally in areas where the formation of mist is common and substrate is moist. Conservation status:-Galianthe vaginata was assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) by Zappi et al. (2013). We expand the distribution of the species and record it in two Conservation Units, Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Nevertheless, the IUCN (2014) states that the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. We estimate the EOO and AOO, ca. 6487 km 2 and 32 Km 2 , respectively (.kml file available at http://figshare.com/s/6c197a305f1b11e5ad6c06ec 4b8d1f61). These results differ in regards to the threshold of the B criterion for a species to be considered Endangered (EOO <5000 Km 2 and AOO <500 Km 2 ). Area of occupancy reflects the fact that species are often habitat specialists, and will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2014). This is the case for G. vaginata, which presents a fragmented distribution in specific habitats in montane areas, between the two largest urban centers in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Therefore, for the purposes of this evaluation, this species should still be considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), based on its AOO, severe fragmentation of its subpopulations and continuous decline in extent and quality of habitat, due to its continuous degradation by anthropogenic fires, land use as pastures, and timber extraction in forested areas ( Zappi et al. 2013). Discussion:-The description of G. vaginata is here complemented by several features not previously observed, as bracts, short-styled flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as previously unobserved morphological variations, which are here described and illustrated for the first time (Fig. 1). Following our morphological analysis, we confirm the positioning of this species in Galianthe subg. Ebelia, as proposed by Cabral & Bacigalupo (1997), because of the septicidal capsules with indehiscent mericarps and the ellipsoid, unwinged seeds ( Fig. 1G-H). Deciduous stipules at basal nodes were observed (Fig. 2C), as they fall off by fragmentation before the leaves, and seems to be associated with the formation of axillary branches. Inflorescence peduncle and the distance between the fascicles vary in length (Fig. 2E-F), and heterostyly was confirmed for this species. Both long-styled and short-styled floral morphs were observed within the same population ( Fig. 2G-H). The conspicuously winged stems and the pubescent stipules (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2C-D) of G. vaginata are useful diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish it from G. polygonoides (holotype D.L.S. Braga 1741 [RB!]), which also presents tubular stipular sheaths covering part of the internode above the corresponding leaf ...
Citations
... During recent fieldwork carried out over the last five years as part of the taxonomic and biogeographic studies in Galianthe, we observed a continuous reduction of plant populations. To date, only 11 species of Galianthe have been evaluated from the point of view of conservation (Carmo et al., 2016;Florent ın et al., 2017aFlorent ın et al., , 2017bFlorent ın et al., , 2019Florent ın et al., , 2021Zappi et al., 2013). However, beyond their inherent value, the conservation of these species is also a concern because they have ethnomedicinal properties, chemical components and biological activities (Conserva & Ferreira, 2012), as well as the ability to accumulate heavy metals such as cadmium (Vilhalva, 2008) and aluminum (Jansen et al., 2000(Jansen et al., , 2003. ...
Areas of endemism are a standard unit of biogeography and are commonly used for analytical biogeographic analyses as
a criterion to identify areas for conservation. Galianthe is a genus of 56 species of mainly herbaceous plants from the
family Rubiaceae found in the Neotropics, occurring in campos rupestres (quartzitic rock outcrops), cerrado (savanna),
lowland grasslands, campos de altitude (highland grasslands), sasonally dry tropical forests (caatinga vegetation), and
savanna hillsides. Currently, the conservation status assessment is only known for eleven species of Galianthe, and there
have been no previous attempts to identify areas of endemism for the genus. In view of this, we used the NDM/VNDM
software to analyze the distribution of the 56 species of Galianthe to identify areas of endemism and to recognize which
species define each area. We also evaluated the conservation status of forty-five species for first time, according to the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) guidelines. Our finding identified 12 areas of endemism with
three cell sizes, mainly in the eastern part of Paraguay and southern Brazil. Illustrating the general biodiversity crisis,
41% of the Galianthe species (23 spp.), were evaluated as Endangered due to their degree of endemism and destruction
of their habitat, while 31 species were evaluated as not threatened and two species had Insufficient Data. In turn, only
five threatened species were found within or on the periphery of protected areas. We consider that although protected
areas are designed to protect biodiversity, in recent decades they have experienced different degrees of threat. Due to
the high risk of many species of the genus, it is necessary to consider restoration (as a complement to conservation) of
the processes that maintain grasslands to conserve unique, endemic and threatened species.
Key words: areas of endemism, conservation assessment, Neotropics, rare plants, Rubiaceae, threatened species
... Only the 10 percent of the Galianthe species were assessed for conservation status (Zappi et al. 2013, Carmo et al. 2016, Florentín et al. 2017a, Florentín et al. 2017b, and considering that most of them are of restricted distribution in South America, they are in need of a conservation assessment which is thus here provided. ...
Full descriptions of four Galianthe species, complemented by new data on fruits and seed characters are presented. These species occur at 500-3000 m elevations: G. gertii and G. reitzii in southeastern Brazil; G. guaranitica in eastern Paraguay and central-western Brazil; and G. boliviana in the sub-Andean region of northern Bolivia and southern Peru. Conservation status, with comments on distribution, is provided for three of them and is reassessed for one. The lectotypification of G. guaranitica is discussed.
... e species occur in campos rupestres (quartzitic rock outcrops), cerrado (savanna), low land grasslands, campos de altitude (highland grasslands), caatinga vegetation (seasonaly dry tropical forests) and savanna hillsides; in lateritic, sandy soils or with rock outcrops. Exceptionally, there are some shade-loving species, which occur in the understory of forests and woodlands, such as G. hispidula, G. brasiliensis, and G. laxa (Cabral & Bacigalupo 1997;Cabral 2009;Cabral & Salas 2015;Carmo et al. 2016). Galianthe comprises 50 species grouped in two subgenera: Galianthe subg. ...
Thirteen species of the genus Galianthe have been recorded for state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e species are distributed among seven biomes, one of which contains all thirteen taxa-Subtropical Seasonal Forest. Herein a new endemic species, G. riograndensis J. Florentín & E.L. Cabral, is described, illustrated and di erentiated from all other species of the genus by having 3-4 verticillate leaves and a long bii d style. In addition, the pollen grain morphology and the seed micromorphology of the new species are described and illustrated, and the conservation status assessed according to IUCN criteria. Moreover, G. chodatiana is recorded for the rst time from the state, and a lectotype for G. equisetoides is designated. Most of the species of Galianthe are described and illustrated with detailed photos of living specimens. A taxonomic key for species identii cation, as well as comments on distribution, overall phenology and habitat, are also presented. e distribution of the new species is discussed in the context of the biogeographic region of the state, and maps and a table of species by biome are also provided.
... Caracteriza-se por ser um subarbusto cespitoso de ramos fistulosos, e pelas estípulas fimbriadas, inflorescências em tirsos terminais e sementes comprimidas dorsiventralmente. do Mar, sendo considerada "em perigo" em sua avaliação mais recente de status de conservação (Carmo et al. 2016). Em Camanducaia foi coletada em afloramentos rochosos e trilhas em floresta ombrófila densa alto-montana, com flores de setembro a janeiro e frutos em abril. ...
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento florístico da família no município de Camanducaia, Serra da Mantiqueira, extremo sul de Minas Gerais, onde extensos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica são encontrados, e elaborar uma Chave Interativa de Entradas Múltiplas (CIEM) para a identificação das espécies. O levantamento florístico foi realizado através de viagens de coleta e análise dos seguintes herbários: BHCB, ESA, HRCB, IAC, ICN, MBM, SP e UEC. Rubiaceae está representada em Camanducaia por 35 espécies, duas subespécies e duas variedades, classificadas em 17 gêneros. Borreria, Manettia e Psychotria foram os gêneros mais diversos (cinco espécies cada). Nove espécies, uma subespécie e uma variedade são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica. Duas espécies (Galianthe vaginata e Psychotria beyrichiana) são endêmicas da Serra da Mantiqueira e Serra do Mar. Psychotria beyrichiana é registrada pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais. Através da utilização da CIEM aqui proposta, a maioria dos táxons puderam ser identificados utilizando-se somente caracteres vegetativos.
A new species of Galianthe from the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador that has fruits with indehiscent mericarps is described and illustrated. Galianthe holmneielsenii is most similar to Borreria ocymifolia and G. spicata, but differs in floral, fruit, and seed traits. An illustration of the diagnostic characters, a distribution map, information about the conservation status of the new species, and a key to the Galianthe species in Colombia and Ecuador are provided.
