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Gabions in Pionersky: destroyed geocells on the slope (a) and white nonwoven geotextile at the base of gabions (d-c) (Photos by Esiukova E.).
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of the "Yantar" Residence was reinforced with gray non-perforated flexible geocells made from PP, HDPE or PE fibers. This slope was partially destroyed during the extremely powerful storm on October 27-29, 2017 (Storm Herwart). Flexible geocells were destroyed and transported along the beaches under the influence of waves, wind and currents (Fig. 5a). In several places along the shore of Pionersky the gabions which contain non-woven white geotextiles (PP / PET fibers) were built to protect slopes ( Fig. ...
Context 2
... the extremely powerful storm on October 27-29, 2017 (Storm Herwart). Flexible geocells were destroyed and transported along the beaches under the influence of waves, wind and currents (Fig. 5a). In several places along the shore of Pionersky the gabions which contain non-woven white geotextiles (PP / PET fibers) were built to protect slopes ( Fig. ...
Context 3
... of the shores showed that most structures contain shabby geosynthetic materials. For example, the gabion construction in the east part of Pionersky was built in February 2016 (Fig. 1, Fig. 5b), and two years later the nonwoven geotextile used in the basement and around the boulders layers was completely deformed, torn off, and it turned green (Fig. ...
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Citations
... • Feldstudie an der Ostseeküste Fragmente aus Kunststoff konnten am Strand gefunden werden, sind aber ungleichmäßig verteilt [12,13]. Um die Verschmutzung der Strände an der südöstlichen Ostsee in der Oblast Kaliningrad (Russland) zu analysieren, wurde eine kontinuierliche visuelle Scanning-Technik [14] angewendet, bei der eine Gruppe von Beobachtern über die gesamte Breite (bis zu 188 m, durchschnittlich 30 m) vom Küstenstreifen bis zur Düne oder Klippe die Objekte einsammelt. Bei den Monitoring-Erhebungen im Jahr 2018 konnten so täglich zwischen 7 und 10 km beprobt werden. ...
... Since the fragments of plastics and geosynthetic materials were unevenly distributed on the beach, the use of a selective area technique for their search-such as, for example, for anthropogenic debris [24] and microplastics [25]-will not yield results. To analyze the pollution of the beaches at the Southeastern Baltic within the Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), a continuous visual scanning technique [26] was applied which assumes a continuous passage of a group of several people along the entire coastline, covering the entire width of the beach from the shoreline to the foredune (or cliff). ...
Geosynthetic materials are applied in measures for coastal protection. Weathering or any damage of constructions, as shown by a field study in Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), could lead to the littering of the beach or the sea (marine littering) and the discharge of possibly harmful additives into the marine environment. The ageing behavior of a widely used geotextile made of polypropylene was studied by artificial accelerated ageing in water-filled autoclaves at temperatures of 30 to 80 °C and pressures of 10 to 50 bar. Tensile strength tests were used to evaluate the progress of ageing, concluding that temperature rather than pressure was the main factor influencing the ageing of geotextiles. Using a modified Arrhenius equation, it was possible to calculate the half-life for the loss of 50% of the strain, which corresponds to approximately 330 years. Dynamic surface leaching and ecotoxicological tests were performed to determine the possible release of contaminants. No harmful effects on the test organisms were observed.
Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—
materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air).
At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through
their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated
experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term
environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter
the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials,
geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more
are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions
of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to
assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how
this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
The chapter combines an overview of several studies of marine litter distribution on beaches and in sediments for two Russian parts of the Baltic Sea: the Gulf of Finland and the South-East Baltic for a period of 2016–2020. Various methods for sand sampling on beaches have been applied, including the OSPAR method, NOAA methodology, and IOW beach litter sampling methods (Frame and Sand Rake methods). The results of field research for the period of 2016–2020 showed both the applicability and some limitations of some methods. Results showed an overall high level of contamination with marine litter and its polymer components, microplastics in particular, of the Russian Baltic beaches – both regularly cleaned and “wild” isolated beaches. However, in comparison to the Neva Bay and beaches around the world the beaches of the South-East Baltic are quite clean and there is no obvious difference in the contamination of beaches with high (near resort cities) and low (less-visited coastal areas) anthropogenic load. The largest amount of litter of all fractions was found on the beaches of the inner part of the estuary in the Neva Bay. At the same type a high variability of types of litter was shown: the predominant type of litter in the South-East Baltic is foamed plastic (foam/polystyrene foam), together with paraffin, coming from the tank waters from ships, and a specific pollutant-geosynthetic materials that are a new contaminant emerging from coastal engineering protection activities. In the Gulf of Finland region, the most common litter items are plastic pellets, broken glass, cigarette butts, rusty metal, and pieces of building plaster, together with synthetic napkins and cotton bud sticks, that are not retained by the wastewater treatment facilities.
