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GO classification and KEGG pathway enrichment of differentially expressed genes 768 (DEGs) in stable expression of lettuce leaves. (A) GO classification of DEGs. (B) KEGG pathway 769 enrichment of DEGs. "OE" represents OE-LsRGL1, and "RNAi" represents RNAi-LsRGL1. 770 771
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A variety of endogenous hormone signals, developmental cues, and environmental stressors can trigger and promote leaf lettuce bolting. One such factor is gibberellin (GA), which has linked to bolting. However, the signaling pathways and the mechanisms that regulate the process have not been discussed in full detail. To clarify the potential role of...
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... (biological process), and "metabolic processes" (MPs) were the largest in the three groups 199 under study (Fig. 3A). An increased number of the DEGs in most of the treatments were from BP ...
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... MF categories. Notably, in the three groups, enrichment of KEGG terms linked to 201 "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" and "plant hormone signal transduction" was indicated (Fig. ...
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... phytohormones in the regulation of lettuce biosynthesis. qRT-PCR results depicted that after 259 treatment with the above factors, the expressions of LsRGL1 and LsWRKY70 were induced to 260 different degrees ( Supplementary Fig. S3) ...
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... 335 negative factor, respectively, in flowering-time regulation. The flowering modulated by GA depicts 336 partial dependence on the wrky mutations [36] . Moreover, this study found that in LsRGL1 transgenic 337 plants, KEGG analysis detected enrichment of genes related to "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" and 338 "plant hormone signal transduction" (Fig. 3B). The data of these analyses indicated the vital function 339 of hormones concerning their impact on bolting. Additionally, it was hypothesized that LsWRKY70 340 could promote ABA synthesis and activate ABA-dependent signaling ...
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... WRKY33 acts upstream of the ABA biosynthesis genes NCED3 and NCED5 to negatively regulate ABA biosynthesis and diminish Arabidopsis immunity to Botrytis cinerea 2100 [57]. The interplay between ABA-and gibberellin (GA)-mediated signaling cascades showed that the GA signaling protein LsRGL1 interacts with the ABA signaling-related gene LsWRKY70, which affects the bolting response in Lactuca sativa [58]. Conversely, a negative regulatory role for OsWRKY5 under water-deficit stress was demonstrated by the direct binding of its W-box element to the promoter region of OsMYB2 and subsequent downregulation of OsMYB2 expression in the ABA signaling cascade [59]. ...
Environmental stressors caused by climate change are fundamental barriers to agricultural sustainability. Enhancing the stress resilience of crops is a key strategy in achieving global food security. Plants perceive adverse environmental conditions and initiate signaling pathways to activate precise responses that contribute to their survival. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are essential players in several signaling cascades and regulatory networks that have crucial implications for defense responses in plants. This review summarizes advances in research concerning how WRKY TFs mediate various signaling cascades and metabolic adjustments as well as how epigenetic modifications involved in environmental stress responses in plants can modulate WRKYs and/or their downstream genes. Emerging research shows that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-mediated genome editing of WRKYs could be used to improve crop resilience.
