Table 2 - uploaded by Hannu Mikkola
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GHG emissions from conventional production chain, direct drilling chain and reduced tillage chain per produced kilograms.
Source publication
The aim of this study was to analyze greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oats, barley, spring wheat and rye production in Finland. The GHG emissions were analyzed in a conventional production chain, direct drilling chain and reduced tillage chain. The greenhouse gases were analyzed per kilogram grain (kg CO 2 -eq. kg -1) and hectare (kg CO 2 -eq. h...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... emissions per kilogram grain were calculated by dividing the emissions per hectare by the grain yield per hectare. Rye production had higher GHG emissions per the produced kilograms of grain than oats, barley and wheat production chains ( Table 2). The low yield of rye was the main reason for higher GHG emissions per kilogram. ...
Citations
... Beer production involves various raw materials like wheat, rye, and oats, and the environmental impacts can vary depending on the raw materials used. For instance, research by Rajaniemi, Mikkola [3] showed that rye had the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at 870 g CO 2 eq./kg, while wheat, barley, and oats had emissions ranging from 570 to 590 g CO 2 eq. per kg [3]. ...
... For instance, research by Rajaniemi, Mikkola [3] showed that rye had the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at 870 g CO 2 eq./kg, while wheat, barley, and oats had emissions ranging from 570 to 590 g CO 2 eq. per kg [3]. As illustrated in this example, the extensive resource usage throughout the production-to-consumption stages of beer results in carbon footprint emissions. ...
... The carbon footprint of cereal cultivation ranged from 0.11 to 1.38 kg CO 2 eq•kg −1 . The results of Rajaniemi, Mikkola and Ahokas (2011) showed GHG emissions of 1.93 kg CO 2 eq•ha −1 and 570 g CO 2 eq•kg −1 from barley cultivation. In a study by Żyłowski (2019), the estimated carbon footprint ranged from 568 to 8,435 kg CO 2 eq•ha −1 (average 2,484 kg CO 2 eq•ha −1 ) and for 1 kg of grain was 0.60 kg CO 2 eq•kg −1 (0.11-2.94 kg CO 2 eq•kg −1 ). ...
Based on the analysis of statistical data, the average area under cultivation and average yields of barley in Poland in 2010–2020 were calculated. Barley is one of the most important cereals grown in Poland. Its cultivation area occupied an average of 920,595 ha in these years, with average yields of 3.66 Mg∙ha−1. Barley is a cereal grown mainly as a spring cereal. The average area under spring species in these years accounted for 95% (875,771 ha) of the total area under this cereal, and the average yield of spring varieties was 3.60 Mg∙ha−1. In order to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and ammonia (NH3), the sources of emissions – inorganic fertilisers, fuel consumption – were analysed for selected barley cultivation technologies, differentiated by yield level, and variant model production technologies were developed to obtain projected yields. Emissions were calculated for individual greenhouse gases (N2O, CH4 and CO2) and they were recalculated according to the greenhouse potential of each gas (GWP – global warming potential) to be able to compare the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions for the analysed variants. Greenhouse gas emissions for cultivation technology ranged from 134.53 to 136.48 kg CO2eq for 1 Mg yield. A more accurate Tier 2 method was used to estimate NH3 emissions, taking into account soil conditions and climate zone. The estimated ammonia emissions from the application of mineral fertilisers were from 0.99 kg to 2.35 kg for 1 Mg yield.
... per hectare or 590 g CO2-eq. per kilogram (Rajaniemi et al., 2011). Another study in Iran reported carbon emissions ranging from 805.46 to 1,164.12 kg CO2 eq. per hectare for different levels of nitrogen fertilizer use (Fallahpour et al., 2012). ...
The production of cereals is one of the primary activities that is responsible for most of the environmental degradation that is caused by agricultural activities. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the ecosystem & resource emissions along with emissions affecting human health, causing due to agricultural activities. LCA is used to conduct an analysis of 17 types of emissions caused by rice and wheat production per hectare in Madhya Pradesh. Based on LCIA and Monte Carlo simulation, the study provides valuable insights into the regional environmental emissions associated with direct seeded rice (DSR), irrigated wheat (IW) and rainfed wheat (RW). Study shows that except for Marine eutrophication (MEUT) and Agricultural land use (ALU), rice production has relatively higher impact than wheat production. Irrigated wheat production found with higher potential of causing non-cancerous diseases caused by air pollution, whereas rice production has the potential to contribute to cancer disease. The production of rice and wheat in Madhya Pradesh state cumulatively contributes 0.008 Gt CO2 eq. (0.10% of global total) to the global agrifood system GHG emission within farmgate. Since majority of the emissions are caused by soil & crop nutrients and fuel consumption, here it became important to adopt sustainable agricultural practices & biofuel to lessen the environmental impact of wheat & rice production and make sustainable agro-food system of Madhya Pradesh. Based on study results
... This difference is because dry peas require less nitrogen fertilizer, especially in semi-arid farming environments. 151,152 A reduction of only 5% in nitrogen (N) application rates in China's Shandong province could result in a 9% decrease in the region's contribution to global N 2 O emissions and a reduction of 0.35% in crop N 2 O emissions worldwide. 153 Additionally, various agronomic strategies that collaborate with soil microbiota lessen the requirement for N application and decrease losses from soils, which helps to temper the overuse of synthetic N fertilizers. ...
Addressing the climate crisis is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Confronting climate change and meeting the 1.5 °C target set by the Conference of Parties (COP 28) requires the implementation of long-term carbon-sink measures. Carbon farming (CF) is a scalable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to achieving negative emissions that aligns with the larger goals of sustainability and climate resilience. CF is a carbon management system that facilitates the accumulation and storage of greenhouse gases within the Earth's systems. Notably, one-third of the Earth's land is used for crops and grazing, creating a significant opportunity to capture atmospheric CO2 and convert it into soil organic carbon (SOC). CF enables to establish a mechanism for sequestering carbon in long-term storage forms by improving soil health and agricultural output in the framework of nature-based solutions (NBS). In the midst of growing global efforts to combat climate change, the implementation of sustainable agriculture and soil conservation services (SCS) via ‘carbon farming’ is emerging as a critical approach to addressing environmental issues and promoting a resilient future. Voluntary participation in future carbon offset markets may provide incentives for this approach.
... Compared to barley, models predict that rice yields might be less impacted by climate change [9]. Therefore, by offering a more locally sourced grain, despite paddy rice being proportionally more CO 2 intensive to grow than malting barley [10,11], the lack of international shipping may potentially make up the difference in CO 2 . Additionally, rice is a gluten-free source of starch for brewers and beverage/food producers. ...
Nineteen globally diverse rice cultivars were analyzed for various chemical parameters important to malting, including germination energy, protein, apparent amylose content, and gelatinization temperatures (GT). The rice cultivars were then malted, and congress mashes were produced. Several parameters important to brewing were then assessed in the malts and worts (i.e., extract, soluble protein, free amino nitrogen (FAN), GT, etc.). The rice malts produced were saccharified to varying degrees, had high limit dextrinase activities, and contained sufficient FAN/protein concentrations. This suggests their potential to yield robust fermentations in beer styles with high adjunct inclusions without requiring additional nitrogen supplementation. Rice cultivars with purple-pigmented bran were found to yield unique wort colors and could serve as novel natural gluten-free colorants for future recipes. Overall, these findings suggest that malted rice could offer a more local and gluten-free source of starch for brewers and beverage/food producers.
... With this assessment, it is possible to identify opportunities to reduce GHG emissions and mitigate their impact. The CF has been widely used to measure emissions from various products, such as dairy products (Drews et al., 2020;Ruviaro et al., 2020;Wilkes et al., 2020), tomatoes (Xue et al., 2021), organic tea (Xu et al., 2019), oranges (Bell and Horvarth, 2020), bananas (Vallejo et al., 2017), apples (Vinyes et al., 2018), honey (Mujica et al., 2016), cashews (Agyemang et al., 2016) and cereals (Rajaniemi et al., 2011). ...
... These may be used in malted or unmalted forms (along with unmalted barley). To account for these within the calculator, the relative emission factors compared to barley cultivation for oats (0.93), wheat (1.21), and rye (1.18) cultivation determined in Rajaniemi et al. (2011) are used. The same malting energy and water consumption as for barley are used. ...
... The GHG emissions were indicated the high CO 2 output in machinery production. Rajaniemi et al. (2011) analyzed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oats, barley, spring wheat and rye production in Finland. The GHG emissions were analyzed in a conventional production chain, direct drilling chain and reduced tillage chain. ...
This study was carried out in order to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of Italian ryegrass, cultivated in the areas irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and drip irrigation methods and precipitation-based (non irrigated) conditions. Besides, economic analysis was done and the most proper irrigation method was determined. The trial was conducted on the lands of Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute located 4 km west of Kırklareli province of Turkey. The energy use efficiency values were found as 7.78, 6.99, 8.05 and 5.50 respectively in the subjects irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation systems placed 20 and 40 cm deep into the soil, drip irrigation and non-irrigated conditions. GHG ratios (per kg) were found as 0.252, 0.281, 0.247 and 0.283 for the subjects respectively. Relative profits were calculated as 1.52, 1.36, 1.57 and 1.49 and the productivity was calculated as 9.60, 8.61, 9.94 and 9.44 kg $-1 , respectively. Italian ryegrass farming was determined to be profitable in each production types but it seemed to be more profitable in drip irrigation subject, followed by subsurface drip irrigation systems placed 20 cm deep into the soil. According to the results of this study, it can be said that encouraging the farmers to produce Italian grass as an alternative to the production of conventional forage crops and rotation in roughage production will be beneficial in terms of forage crops.
... Previous studies have reported lower values of total CO 2 emissions obtained in the present study, including for wheat in Germany [37], and in Finland [38], and for potato in Portugal [39], which could be due to differences in fertilizer rate, soil type, climate, and irrigation type between studied. For every 1 M.J. increase in input energy, CO 2 emissions increased by 0.047 kg ha − 1 for alfalfa, 0.049 kg ha − 1 for barley, 0.047 kg ha − 1 for silage corn, 0.054 kg ha − 1 for potato, 0.046 kg ha − 1 for rapeseed, 0.046 kg ha − 1 for sugar beet, and 0.047 kg ha − 1 for wheat. ...
... Agricultural activities such as land use change, fertiliser application are reported to contribute to changes in soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) dynamics and ultimately atmospheric GHG emissions (Sun et al. 2016;Ogle et al. 2014). Compared to other sectors, greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural sector have not received much attention among scholars (Rajaniemi et al. 2011). ...
The major aim of this study was to investigate the impact of renewable energy consumption and agricultural economic growth on agricultural carbon emissions in Africa for the period 1990–2019. This paper employed panel fully modified ordinary least square (PFMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (PDOLS) estimation techniques. The empirical results showed that agriculture growth promote agricultural carbon emissions. More precisely, the results revealed a strong positive and statistical significant impact on agricultural carbon emissions in Africa. On the other hand, the results on quadratic show a negative causal association between agriculture growth and agricultural carbon emissions in Africa. Interestingly, renewable energy consumption was found to have a negative impact on agricultural carbon emissions. On Granger causality, the result shows that there is a unidirectional causality between agriculture growth and agricultural carbon emissions. Based on these findings, we recommend that countries should promote and encourage the use of renewable energy to curb agricultural carbon emissions. There is a need to adopt agricultural practices that have the potential to limit carbon emissions.
