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Fuse Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing principle  

Fuse Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing principle  

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Three-dimensional (3D) sensing and printing technologies have reshaped our worldinrecent years.Inthis article, a comprehensive overview of techniques related to the pipeline from 3D sensing to printing is provided. We compare the latest 3D sensors and 3D printers and introduce several sensing, postprocessing, and printing techniques available from...

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Context 1
... printing technologies are mainly based on ink-jet principles and can print using a variety of materials, including plastic, resin, titanium, polymers, ceramics, gold, and silver [Horvath 2014;Marcoux and Bonin 2012]. We illustrate the printing principle of Fuse Deposition Modeling (FDM) in Figure 5 to show an example of 3D printing tech- nologies. FDM prints the 3D object layer by layer from the bottom to the top through heating and extruding thermoplastic or wax filament [Campbell et al. 2011]. ...
Context 2
... Deposition Modeling (FDM) [Ahn et al. 2002]: As shown in Figure 5, FDM uses a high-temperature nozzle to heat the thermoplastic or wax material to a semi-liquid state and then deposit it along the designed path to print the 3D object layer by layer. FDM was developed in the late 1980s and commercialized in 1990, and it has become the standard hobby printer method. ...

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... Planar surfaces play a crucial role in three dimension (3D) sensing technology, which is used in a variety of applications such as robot navigation [1,2], 3D reconstruction [3,4], and scene understanding [5,6]. More specifically, Dong et al. [7] locate autonomous vehicles in underground mines by combining image recognition technology and data from other sensors. ...
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... A triangulation-based laser scanner comprises a laser emitter and a camera. The emitter projects a laser onto the target object, creating a laser dot on the striking surface while the camera captures an image of this dot [89]. The distance between the emitter and the camera and the emitter's angle is known, and the camera's angle is determined based on the laser dot's position within its field of view. ...
... Time-of-Flight (ToF) Time-of-Flight (ToF) is a laser scanner that measures the round trip time of light pulses using a laser distance meter to determine the surface distance [89]. ToF can be classified into direct ToF (dToF) and indirect ToF (iToF), depending on whether the sensor sends out short pulses or continuous, intensity-modulated light. ...
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... During the last decade, it has been suggested that devices and computers can achieve 3D reconstructions of scenes and objects to achieve accurate grasping of things and autonomous driving interpretation of clinical photographs, but unfortunately, acquiring a scene's depth is not a simple task [1]. To extract the 3D structure of a set or object, there are various techniques and sensors, such as Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors, laser triangulation, structured light, and stereoscopic vision [2,3]. ...
... Although 3D sensing devices are increasing in popularity among the community and reducing in price, 3D sensing technologies still have certain limitations (mentioned in [3]); therefore, users must choose the sensor type to meet their objectives. Although ToF sensors are inexpensive and quick to respond [4], they can be prone to errors such as noise, ambiguity and unsystematic errors such as scattering and motion blur [3,5]. ...
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... Next, thin 2D slices are prepared according to the treated data using slicing software. Afterward, the 3D printer device is used to manufacture the final parts of the implant using the established slices in a layer-by-layer method [169]. Numerous AM methods have been utilized to fabricate FGMs, each of which has its benefits and limitations, including fused deposition modeling (FDM) [170], laser engineered net shaping (LENS) [171], selective laser sintering (SLS) [172], electron beam melting (EBM) [173], and selective laser melting (SLM) [174]. ...
... This technique uses an ultraviolet (UV) curable polymer resin and an UV laser to build each layer one by one. Since then numerous 3D printing technologies have been introduced [50]. For example, the polyjet technology, which works like an inkjet document printer instead of jetting drops of ink, jets layers of liquid photopolymer and cures them with a UV light. ...
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Three-dimensional (3D) technologies have been developing rapidly recent years, and have influenced industrial, medical, cultural, and many other fields. In this paper, we introduce an automatic 3D human head scanning-printing system, which provides a complete pipeline to scan, reconstruct, select, and finally print out physical 3D human heads. To enhance the accuracy of our system, we developed a consumer-grade composite sensor (including a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a digital compass, and a Kinect v2 depth sensor) as our sensing device. This sensing device is then mounted on a robot, which automatically rotates around the human subject with approximate 1-meter radius, to capture the full-view information. The data streams are further processed and fused into a 3D model of the subject using a tablet located on the robot. In addition, an automatic selection method, based on our specific system configurations, is proposed to select the head portion. We evaluated the accuracy of the proposed system by comparing our generated 3D head models, from both standard human head model and real human subjects, with the ones reconstructed from FastSCAN and Cyberware commercial laser scanning systems through computing and visualizing Hausdorff distances. Computational cost is also provided to further assess our proposed system.
... For example, in a Vicon system, tens of cameras need to be positioned accordingly, and complex calibration procedures need to be conducted for better accuracy (this is why there are several costly courses for a Vicon system's installation, debugging, calibration, etc.). Recently, Kinect for Windows v2 sensor [14], [15] has been released with improved specifications. With its depth sensing and easy setup features, the development of a costeffective markerless gait tracking system becomes possible. ...
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The role of design in the exploration of integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education has rapidly expanded in recent years. Design has made an important contribution by providing instructional scaffolds in synthesising knowledge from multiple disciplines to solve real-world problems. Despite the potential of Design-based Pedagogy (DBP), there is a paucity of applicable DBP process models for constructing integrated STEM tasks and formulating implementation approaches. To address this issue, we enquire into the Solution-based Design Process (SBDP) that reconciles curriculum content knowledge and teaching through authentic problem finding and solving. Through an exploratory study of a self-critical reflection in autoethnographic design practice, we explore how the optimised SBDP can inform (i) The design skills and mindsets of DBP for integrated STEM education, and (ii) The instructional processes for constructing and implementing integrated STEM tasks involving design models. As found in this study, a unique feature of the Solution-based DBP is that it relates to the processes of thinking and reasoning-highly cognitive and logical; its application requires the skilled operation of 3D printing-based digital fabrication. Additionally, we demonstrated a Solution-based DBP, combined with 3D printing-based digital fabrication, and providing teachers with a structural blueprint for developing integrated STEM programs. Overall, this research contributes to the corpus of methodologically rigorous and evidence-based studies on design-led integrated STEM curriculums in the context of a specific country's education system.
... Dynamic 3D point clouds, which are sequences of 3D point cloud frames sampled in the temporal domain for capturing the changes in geometric details or motion of scenes/objects, have been widely used in many application scenarios, such as autopilot [22], immersive communication [6], computer animation [27], and virtual/augmented reality [41]. Despite of rapid development in 3D sensing technology [42], it is still difficult and costly to acquire 3D point cloud sequences with high temporal resolution (HTR), which hinders to finely represent deformable 3D Figure 1. Illustration of the problem considered in this paper. ...
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... General 3D printing process(Zhang et al. 2016) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
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