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Fuel energy densities: net systems volumetric and gravimetric energy densities for various on-board energy carriers (adapted from Pearson et al. 2009).
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Our present dependence on fossil fuels means that, as our demand for energy inevitably increases, so do emissions of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). To avoid the obvious consequences on climate change, the concentration of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be stabilized. But, as populations grow and economies devel...
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Context 1
... order to take full advantage of the high 'tank-to-wheel' efficiency of electric vehicles, critical steps will also be needed to decarbonize the upstream energy (electricity) supply. In addition, batteries are fundamentally limited by their very low net gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, as shown in figure 3 by a recent comprehensive 'net systems analysis' of various on-board energy carriers (Pearson et al. 2009). This figure also clearly illustrates that, while the net on-board density of liquid hydrogen comfortably exceeds that of batteries, it is still extremely low when compared with carbonaceous liquid fuels such as diesel, gasoline, ethanol and methanol. ...
Context 2
... great value of liquid carbonaceous fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel and others) lies both in their intrinsic (high) chemical energy content ( figure 3) and in the ease with transport energy as hydrocarbons use hydrocarbons as liquid fuels Figure 4. A generic energy cycle using captured or sequestered CO 2 and sustainable or renewable hydrogen to yield carbon-neutral or renewable carbonaceous fuels (courtesy of M. L. H. Green). ...
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Citations
... These researchers suggest that governments integrate investment plans for coal-fired power plants into long-term emission reduction strategies and introduce regulations to optimise the structure of electricity production in their countries (Liu et al., 2019). Jiang et al. (2010) reviewed current technological advances and innovations aimed at reducing CO 2 emissions. The authors assessed the potential of various technologies, including carbon capture and storage, renewable energy sources, and energy-efficient systems. ...
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... The known modern versions of Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3based catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol, which are efficient at pressures of 50-100 bar and temperatures of 200-300°C, contribute to overcoming the energy barrier to this exothermic reaction and improving the conversion. In addition, other catalysts, [77], were developed; however, it was found that all of them are inefficient and far from being commercially feasible. ...
... To date, a large number of industrial processes, based on thermodynamic control, have not been very effective because CO 2 is a highly stable molecule, and most of them are endothermic reactions. 25 Thereby, several alternative technologies are being investigated, such as electrochemical, 26−28 photochemical, 28,29 and plasma chemical 30 pathways. In this research trend, several studies have theoretically suggested that vibrational excitation of CO 2 can play an important role in the efficient conversion. ...
... Researchers make these materials by combining a sorbent component with a catalytic component. commonly used alkali metal oxides or carbonates are commonly used as sorbent components to prepare active points for direct CO 2 capturing [10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Currently, converting CO2 from industrial exhaust into fuel is a challenging issue that many researchers are working on. As it is obvious, adsorption and conversion are two distinct processes, and there is a need for special materials and conditions to occur in each of them. Lately, there have been efforts to combine these two steps by using dual functional materials (DFMs) and making adsorbents and catalysts simultaneously. DFMs comprise two components. The first component of DFMs is the adsorbent, which researchers can get from oxides, carbonates, or both. The second component is the catalyst, which is typically made of metallic elements, such as Nickel or Ruthenium. Capturing systems of CO2 by DFMs, innovative developments, and suggested ways to boost the efficiency of CO2 capture are discussed in this review. DFMs made with changed adsorbents perform better in CO2 adsorption and conversion, according to sources.
... ➢ In the second category, the reactions require a naturally considerable amount of energy so that the reaction can generally proceed by this type of reaction producing reduced forms of CO 2 . These reactions form different products, for example, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide, methanol, H 2 CO (formaldehyde), HCOO À (formats), etc (Huang and Tan, 2014;Jiang et al., 2010). ...
... Studies in the literature have demonstrated that H 2 and carbon-free fuel are possible perfect energy carriers because, when combined with O 2 in a fuel cell (FC), they only result in the production of water due to the chemical energy stored in the H-H bond [9]. However, several issues need to be addressed such as the problem of an efficient industrial-scale hydrogen development process [10], the problem of efficient large-scale storage facilities and the potential of the hydrogen capability to eliminate any waste products with a particular focus on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases [11]. ...
This work investigates the fundamental photocatalytic properties of nitrogen-doped single-walled silicon carbide nanotubes (N-doped SWSiCNTs) for hydrogen evolution for the first time. Investigations of the structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of the studied systems were carried out using popular density functional theory implemented in quantum ESPRESSO and Yambo codes. Analysis of the structural properties revealed high mechanical stability with the 3.6% and 7.4% N-doped SWSiCNT. The calculated band gap of the N-doped SWSiCNT with 3.6% demonstrated a value of 2.56 eV which is within the photocatalytic range of 2.3 eV−2.8 eV. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potentials of the 3.6% N-doped SWSiCNT also showed good agreement with previous theoretical data. The studied material showed the best photocatalytic performance in both parallel and perpendicular directions by absorbing photons in the visible region. Therefore, the observed structural, mechanical, electronic and optical behaviors demonstrated by the 3.6% N-doped SWSiCNT exposed it as a better photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light.
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... A pertinent study by Z. JIANG underscores the critical importance of separating and concentrating CO2, particularly within the context of large industrial plants where high-volume concentrations of CO2 are prevalent. The study highlights the emergence of cost-effective and energy-efficient "direct air capture" technologies, which have the potential to significantly contribute to mitigating CO2 emissions [5]. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the entire energy balance and economic viability of such processes remain pivotal challenges, mirroring the complexities inherent in envisioning future energy landscapes. ...
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... 40 Once sequestered, the CO 2 can be removed from the carbon cycle through storage in underground natural or artificial reservoirs, 41 mineralization, 42,43 upconversion into value-added fuels, 44−46 or consumption in industrial processes. 47 This research focuses on the use of sorbent materials for CO 2 sequestration. ...
... Synthesis of useful chemicals such as methanol from CO 2 [1][2][3] is of great industrial significance as it offers solution to the problems of global warming and also provides a way of sustaining the world's increasing energy demands [4][5][6]. Transition metal elements, such as copper [7,8], have a good ability to activate CO 2 molecule and convert it into CO, HCOOH, CH 3 OH, or CH 4 [9]. However, these transition metal electrocatalysts suffer a series of problems, such as poor durability, low catalytic efficiency, high overpotential, and low selectivity [10]. ...
... The thermodynamics of adatom adsorption from their vapourized gaseous states were considered. The binding strengths were obtained using the relative adatom adsorption energies in Eq. (5). ...
... The strength of binding of adatom to the monolayer shows it is an electronic transfer process that depends on the number of electrons in the d orbital of the transition metals (TM). The binding strength increases with an increase in the number of electrons in the d orbital, in the order Ni d 8 > Co d 7 > Fe d 6 > Mn d 5 . This shows that the smaller the size of the adatom, the more stable the atom to the surface; Ni is the smallest atom in the period. ...
Understanding the detailed mechanism of CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ERR) on catalytic surfaces, leading to the formation of carbon one (C1) products, serves as a plausible means for CO2 mitigation. The adsorption of single-atom catalysts (SACs) on MoS2 monolayer surface for CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2ERR) was studied using density functional theory (DFT) method. Among the selected SACs (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), manganese (Mn) activated CO2 to the highest extent, with O–C–O bond angle of 142.84°. From our results, single atoms with large size and low atomic number (low d-orbital electrons) will have weak binding to the MoS2 as seen for Mn. Large atoms with lower electronegativity act as better reductants, reducing both the surface and the CO2 molecule adsorbed. Since CO2 activation is a very critical reaction step, we anticipate better performance of Mn-doped MoS2 to its counterparts, i.e. Fe, Ni and Co. In a 2-electron/2-proton reduction process, CO formation will occur at 0 V; however, formic acid will occur at a higher onset potential of − 1.03 V. Methanol will prefer to occur via the CO pathway at − 0.88 V. Selectively CO2 reduction is favoured in the order: CO > methanol > formic acid. The rate-limiting step for methanol production is observed to be the CH2OH formation step (∆G = 0.88 eV). Although the pristine MoS2 monolayer is inactive for catalysing CO2ERR offering CO2 physisorption, the introduction of adatoms serves as a site for CO2 sequestration, activation and electrochemical reduction.
... Indeed, the reaction enthalpy of pure CO 2 splitting is high (ΔH • = +283 kJ/mol), but the conversion becomes thermodynamically easier when combined with another compound, such as CH 4 (i.e. dry reforming of methane; ΔH • = +247 kJ/mol) [156]. In addition, reactions with hydrogen carriers can yield liquid products of higher value, such as methanol, which circumvents the energy-intensive processing of syngas and relaxes to some extent the required target for energy efficiency [15]. ...
In this work, we evaluated several new electrode configurations for CO2 conversion in a gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) reactor. Although the reactor design influences the performance, the best results give only slightly higher CO2 conversion than the basic GAP reactor design, which indicates that this reactor may have reached its performance limits. Moreover, we compared our results to those of four completely different plasma reactors, also operating at atmospheric pressure and with contact between the plasma and the electrodes. Surprisingly, the performance of all these warm plasmas is very similar (CO2 conversion around 10 % for an energy efficiency around 30 %). In view of these apparent performance limits regarding the reactor design, we believe further improvements should focus on other aspects, such as the post-plasma-region where the implementation of nozzles or a carbon bed are promising. We summarize the performance of our GAP reactor by comparing the energy efficiency and CO2 conversion for all different plasma reactors reported in literature. We can conclude that the GAP is not the best plasma reactor, but its operation at atmospheric pressure makes it appealing for industrial application. We believe that future efforts should focus on process design, techno-economic assessments and large-scale demonstrations: these will be crucial to assess the real industrial potential of this warm plasma technology.
