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Fraction of VR Applicants Receiving SSDI/SSI by Quarter. (A) Full Sample. (B) PI Subsample. (C) MI Subsample. (D) CI Subsample.
Source publication
We examine the association between the receipt of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services and Federal Disability Insurance using a unique panel data source on persons who applied for assistance from Virginia’s VR program in 2000. Three central findings emerge: first, VR services are associated with lower rates of participation in disability insuran...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... we extend the analysis to focus on whether VR services might be associated with SSDI/SSI entry or exit. SSDI receipt alone, and Figure 5 focuses on SSI receipt. Each figure has four panels: one for the full sample and one for each of the three impairment groups identified in this analysis (PI, MI, and CI). ...
Context 2
... for the cognitively impaired subgroup, these patterns are reversed; SSDI/SSI receipt increases at a slightly faster rate for the treated, suggesting a positive association between VR and SSDI/SSI receipt. Finally, the time series patterns are somewhat more complex when examining SSI receipt alone (see Figure 5). For the full sample as well as the MI and CI subsamples, SSI receipt rates for the treated increase until about eight quarters post-application, and then consistently fall over the remaining periods. ...
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Citations
... They found no positive effects of vocational rehabilitation programs in Sweden, nor did Aakvik et al. (2005) who studied vocational rehabilitation in Norway. Years later, Dean et al. (2014 and, Schimmel Hyde et al. ...
... The investment in vocational rehabilitation by public social security systems is likely to be recouped within two to four years simply on the basis of increased income tax revenues of participants successfully placed in employment (Hanophy, 2012). Average earnings of people who engaged in vocational rehabilitation exceeded income of those who did not by a factor of seven over ten years (Dean et al, 2014). ...
The guidelines published by the International Social Security Association, ISSA Guidelines: Return to Work and Reintegration , provide a policy imperative towards early intervention for people with nonoccupational health conditions at risk of exiting the workforce and moving to disability dependency. Socioeconomic and fiscal imperatives have been demonstrated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) review on sickness, disability and work (OECD, 2010), and by an accumulating evidence base for effectiveness. This study explored how social protection agencies are responding in terms of employment rehabilitation services for employed people with acquired disabilities. Specifically, this study reviewed job retention and return processes for workers with nonoccupational health conditions from the perspective of the ISSA guidelines in four jurisdictions with differing system frameworks. The methods used included a review of relevant literature and web resources and gathering detailed system descriptions from national respondents. Although the jurisdictions differed in the concepts used, service context, the structure of welfare systems and eligibility criteria, there was evidence of an acknowledgement of the needs of employed people with disabilities. This was not, however, consistently reflected in procedures, processes or outcome measurements. While some promising characteristics were identified, there was substantial room for improvement in the job retention and return to work strategies of the relevant agencies in all four jurisdictions. It was concluded that the deployment of the ISSA Guidelines: Return to Work and Reintegration , published in 2013, had yet to make a substantial impact on services and approaches in the domain of nonoccupational health conditions in these jurisdictions.
... Further, the return on investment for the individual can be substantial. For example, in a study in Virginia, it was estimated that on average the earnings of participants who engaged in vocational rehabilitation exceeded income without vocational rehabilitation by a factor of seven over ten years 90 . Another study that reviewed the impact of vocational rehabilitation services on people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the US estimated that the ROI associated with providing services to people with MS was in the region of 8:1 92 . ...
The objective of the research was to provide information on selected relevant national models for organising vocational and occupational rehabilitation services that can guide discussions on the most appropriate model for Ireland. The focus was on international good practice at national level or state level (within federal systems) in the field of vocational and occupational rehabilitation systems, and on what Ireland can learn from such practice. The definition of vocational rehabilitation used was synthesised from a number of sources and was characterised as a process that enables people with disabilities to overcome barriers to accessing, maintaining or returning to employment. The focus of the report was upon people of working age who acquire impairments that reduce work capacity. The scope of the report includes Australia (Queensland), Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain.
... plicant received either DI and/or SSI. While this simpli…ed structure cannot measure how the speci…c features of the DI and SSI programs interact with the labor market and VR, it does allow us to estimate how VR impacts DI/SSI receipt. This is the …rst paper to jointly estimate VR service receipt, employment outcomes, and DI/SSI receipt. Moreover, Dean et. al. (2014) provide some support for this simpli…ed model when they …nd nearly identical negative associations between VR receipt and SSI and DI receipt. Adding a detailed and nuanced model of DI and SSI receipt might be useful but would substantially complicate the model and would require data on disability status and labor market histories that a ...
... For such cases, we include a variable indicating the counselor information is missing. 18 Second, the proportion of clients receiving each service varies by counselors and …eld o¢ ces. For example, 10% of o¢ ces provide purchased diagnosis & evaluation services to less than 20% of their clients while 4% provide it to all of their clients. ...
... Interestingly, earnings do not appear to be sensitive to the threshold where one would start losing bene…ts (SGA). In particular, very few DI or SSI recipients appear to treat the SGA as a binding constraint; i.e., there is no "parking" right below the SGA (see Dean et al., 2014). Other research has considered the complicated interactions between the SSA disability programs and the labor market. ...
We construct a structural model of participation in vocational rehabilitation for people with mental illness. There are multiple services to choose among, and each has different effects on employment, earnings, and receipt of DI/SSI. This is the first paper to jointly estimate VR service receipt, employment outcomes, and DI/SSI receipt. We estimate large effects for most of the services implying large rates of return to vocational rehabilitation. © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University ofWisconsin System.
... There is growing interest among policymakers and practitioners in improving the delivery of VR services to improve the recipients' long-term employment outcomes. Reflecting concerns of fiscal responsibility, there is also interest in measuring the return on investment of these services (Dean et al., 2014). The Workforce Investment Opportunity Act (WIOA) places a renewed emphasis on the role of state VR agencies in improving employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities. ...
... Based on the national attention to evidencebased practices (EBPs) and lack of wide-spread acknowledgement of service effectiveness, stringent accountability measures imposed by the government, other funding streams and professional ethical standards now require upfront evidence for program design selection and quantifiable cost-benefit analyses of participant outcomes (Brannon, 2010;Burker & Kazukauskas, 2010;NIDRR, 2013;Sherman, 2010;Yates, 2013). A review of the literature in the field published over the past few decades reveals a steady increase in outcomes research demonstrating the positive impact of specific interventions in VR services (Bolton, Bellini, & Brookings, 2000;Dean et al., 2014;Fleming et al., 2013;Glasner-Edwards & Rawson, 2010;O'Neil, Mamun, Potamites, Chan, & Cardoso, 2014;Pruett et al., 2008) and in other rehabilitation-related areas (Bond, 2004;Huber et al., 2009;Marshall & Lockwood, 1998;Workman et al., 2012). Research investigating high performing programs to determine promising practices are building the foundation necessary to establish an EBP in VR Del Valle et al., 2014;Lui, Anderson et al., 2014;Oswald et al., 2015;Sherman et al., 2014). ...
BACKGROUND: As the volume of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in vocational rehabilitation (VR) reaches a critical mass and leaders in the field recommend the need for a systematic and rigorous evaluation process that legitimizes and the effectiveness of those practices, a national registry in VR is clearly needed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to provide the underlying rationale for the creation and maintenance of a user-friendly registry that would secure and support vocational service provision to improve employment outcomes and the quality of life of individuals with disabilities. METHODS: Collaboration from various entities is necessary to ensure the resources and credibility required for a project of this magnitude. All stakeholders should participate in the process of specifying what should be included in the registry and how they would use it. RESULTS: A registry would be a valuable vehicle for providing empirically-supported VR services and information to practitioners, educators, researchers, policy-makers and the public. It would allow for better-informed choices and potential cost savings. CONCLUSIONS: A registry containing effective VR practices is a perfect complement to the National Clearinghouse of Rehabilitation Training Materials and answers an important call from the VR community.
... It has been reported that only 3% to 8% of lowincome individuals with disabilities receiving cash benefits were participating in employment programs (Butterworth, et al., 2014;Riley & Rupp, 2012). Dean, Pepper, Schmidt, and Stern (2014) explored vocational rehabilitation (VR) service usage in an attempt to understand the relationship between employment support services and SSI and SSDI usage in Virginia. Findings revealed that SSI and SSDI recipients were more likely to be unemployed when they entered VR and monthly income at application tended to be below SGA. ...
Public benefits are widely used by people with intellectual and development disabilities (IDD) as crucial financial supports. Using Rehabilitation Service Administration 911 and Annual Review Report datasets to account for individual and state vocational rehabilitation (VR) agency variables, a sample of 21,869 people with IDD were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling to model the effects of public benefits on hours worked per week. Findings point to associations that indicate that public benefits not only limit access to employment participation, they also have a restricting effect on growth of weekly hours that typically come with higher wage positions, compared those that do not access benefits. The article also lays out important implications and recommendations to increase the inclusion of people with IDD in the workplace.
... Logistic regression analysis results revealed the treatment groups completing the trial work period at significantly greater rates than the control groups in the 10-year period of the study. Dean, Pepper, Schmidt, and Stern (2014) examined the association between the receipt of VR services and SSI/SSDI using a special panel dataset on Virginians with disabilities that applied for state VR services in 2000. They found that VR services are associated with lower rates of participation in disability insurance programs (a two-point drop in SSDI receipt and one-point drop in SSI receipt); VR service receipt is associated with lower take-up rates of SSI/ SSDI; and social security beneficiaries receiving substantive VR services are more likely to be employed. ...
As an epilogue to this special issue, this article provides a brief overview of the research undertaken by the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Evidence-Based Practice in Vocational Rehabilitation (RRTC-EBP VR) in Phase II of their studies, and what was learned from the comprehensive review of the literature (e.g., Fleming, Del Valle, Kim & Leahy, 2013) and multi-state case studies in terms of promising practices in state VR agencies (Leahy et al., 2013). Gaps identified in EBP research that hinders the implementation of efficacious, effective, and efficient services based on the best scientific evidence are discussed, and finally, recommendations for future research directions and knowledge translation initiatives that will improve the effectiveness of VR service delivery practices are provided.
Background
State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies (SVRAs) are the leading provider of employment services for disabled adults in the United States, with achievement of competitive integrated employment as their main outcome.
Objective
Current data collection policies and practices require counselors to record extensive information for case documentation purposes, however, these data offer limited utility for service planning or for determinations of whether services are having the intended impact. Available data is not structured to support continuous improvement for individual providers or to establish evidence of best practices in day-to-day service provision.
Method
In this article, we present the many potential benefits of including pre-post assessment of services in measuring the impact of SVRA services.
Results
The Transition Readiness Toolkit offers a concrete example of the advantages associated with pre-post assessment and continuous use of data to guide services and quality improvement in SVRAs.
Conclusion
Recommendations and implications for implementing pre-post assessment for other SVRA services are provided.
