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Formulation information for 0W-20 test oils.
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Energy efficiency improvements continue to be a significant challenge to the transportation and lubricant industries. Many areas are being examined to increase energy efficiency in lubricants. This paper examines contributions from base oils in terms of friction reduction since friction reduction is related to energy consumption. The impact of base...
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... the chemical structure, it was also shown that PAOs, which are based on 1-alkenes and hence have a high proportion of linear alkyl chains, generally show lower EHD friction than mineral oils [3]. Lubricants 2018, 6 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 viscosity as a function of temperature shows that even if there is a similar viscosity grade, the low and high temperature behavior can be very different. The temperature/viscosity behavior becomes even more pronounced at low temperatures. ...
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... oils were blended to meet the viscosity targets for SAE 0W-20 as per the SAE J300 standard. The oils were formulated according to Table 1. Traction and Stribeck curve measurements were performed using a mini-traction machine (MTM2, PCS Instruments, London, UK). ...
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... that were blended from Table 1 were analyzed by the properties outlined in Table 2. ASTM procedures were used for each physical property measurement. The formulated oils were targeted to approximately 8.3 cSt at 100 • C. The results below indicate that the oils are very similar in 100 • C viscosity and also close to the target. ...
Citations
... Mangolini et al.'s studies indicated that alkylated triphenyl thiophosphate is beneficial in enhancing the reactivity and antioxidant properties of the lubricant [12]. Polyalphaolefins (PAO) is widely used in the lubrication due to its better oxidation and low-temperature properties [13,14]. However, the solubility of TPPT in PAO is relatively low, partly due to its high polarity, and partly because PAO possesses a regular structure and consists of isomeric hydrocarbons without heteroatoms, which restricts the solubility of certain highly polar additives. ...
Anti-wear and anti-oxidation abilities are two key properties of lubricants that play a crucial role in ensuring long-term stable equipment operation. In this study, we aimed to develop a base oil with good anti-oxidation and anti-wear properties for use under extreme pressure. The as-prepared metallocene polyalphaolefin (mPAO) was chemically modified using the trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) catalysis through an alkylating reaction with triphenyl phosphorothioate (TPPT). During the experiments, when the reaction temperature exceeded 70 °C or the concentration of TfOH exceeded 2.67%, the β-scission reaction in the alkylation process became significantly more pronounced. The physical and chemical properties of TPPT-modified mPAO (T-mPAO) were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy, gel–permeation chromatography, and ASTM standards. T-mPAO showed significantly improved antioxidant capacity, with the initial oxidation temperature increasing by 32 °C compared to the base oil, and it exhibited the slowest increase in acid number in the 96-h oven oxidation test. The tribological tests showed that T-mPAO had the lowest friction coefficient, wear track, and wear rate (72.7% lower than that of mPAO) as well as the highest PB (238 kg) and PD (250 kg) among all tested samples. Compared to mPAO, the average friction coefficient of TPPT-modified mPAO in the four-ball friction test was reduced by 30.5%, and by 16.4% in the TE77 reciprocating friction test. Based on the experimental results, T-mPAO had strong anti-oxidation ability and excellent lubricating performance.The successful synthesis of multifunctional mPAO has enabled lubricant base oil additization, making it possible to use it in more demanding work scenarios, greatly broadening its application scope and making lubricant formulation blending more flexible.
... The use of PAOs in lubricants significantly enhances the application range of lubricants under challenging conditions such as extreme temperatures, high loads, and severe operating conditions. Consequently, PAOs have become one of the most widely used base oil materials for engine oil, gear oil, and other industrial oil formulations [7][8][9]. ...
With the continuous advancement of industrial technology, higher demands have been placed on the properties of gear oils, such as oxidation stability and shear resistance. Herein, the oxidation stability of high-viscosity metallocene poly-α-olefins (mPAOs) was improved by chemical modification via aromatic amine alkylation. The modified mPAO base oils were synthesized separately with diphenylamine (mPAO-DPA) and N-phenyl-α-naphthylamine (mPAO-NPA), and their applicability in industrial gear oil formulations was evaluated. The composition and physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were assessed using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and the American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM D445, ASTM D2270, ASTM D92, etc.) confirming the successful completion of the alkylation reaction. The oxidation stability of the samples was also evaluated using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry. The initial oxidation temperature of mPAO-NPA (230°C) was 53°C higher than that of mPAO, and the oxidation induction period of mPAO-DPA was nearly twice that of mPAO-NPA. Thermogravimetric analysis in air revealed the increased thermal decomposition temperature and improved thermal stability of modified mPAO. ISO VG 320 industrial gear oils were formulated using mPAO alkylated with N-phenyl-α-naphthylamine(Lub-2) and commercially purchased PAO100 (Lub-1) as base oil components. The antioxidant performance of two industrial gear oils was evaluated through oven oxidation and rotating oxygen bomb tests. The oxidation induction period of Lub-2 was 30% higher than that of Lub-1, with the latter having a lower acid number and a smaller increase in viscosity at 40°C. Finally, the friction performance of the samples was assessed on a four-ball friction tester, revealing the synergistic effect of the mPAO-NPA base oil with the HiTEC 3339 additive, forming a more stable oil film with a smaller wear scar diameter.
... Nevertheless, lubricating oils have been mainly optimized using experimental testing procedures, and some of the common tendencies are for full engine testing on test benches for the general purpose of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) improvement 3,8 and tribometers and rheometers for standalone lubricant testing in controlled conditions to analyse and compare the different candidates. 9,10 In contrast, simulation models represent a recent contribution to this field, with relevant works started in the early 2000s. [11][12][13] Many simulation studies have focused on the geometrical system itself rather than the working fluid due to the complexity of the system behaviour. ...
High-performance engines are highly optimized machines; therefore, any identification of potential improvement requires a detailed study to assess different performance scenarios, working fluids and engine configurations. Simulation tools are among the best ways to study all possible options. In this framework, a validated elastohydrodynamic (EHD) simulation model of the connecting rod journal bearing is used to assess the performance of different lubricant formulations in mixed lubrication scenarios. To simulate a realistic scenario, a finite element analysis (FEA) is performed, where the assembly of connecting rod and shaft supports are modelled with finite element models (FEM) to account for elastic deformations on journal bearings. Furthermore, a set of oil properties is measured and collected to import into GT-Suite commercial software. This set enables us to consider the dependence of variables such as viscosity, density, specific heat transfer, and coefficient of friction on the shear rate, pressure, temperature, and air solution. Moreover, a friction assessment methodology is presented to choose the best lubricating oil for severe working conditions. This test method accounts for several factors: tribology, rheology, wear, and lubrication regime. The results are presented for three ultralow viscosity lubricants and the reference oil from validation. This assessment gives a complete comparison of lubricants performance, where lubrication regime and tribological losses are key factors to select the best candidate.
... Under the triple pressures of energy shortage, emission limitation and bad working conditions, the quality of lubricating oil has become more important, with excellent anti-friction and anti-wear properties being particularly necessary [8,9]. At present, there is a tendency to use low-viscosity lubricating oil to reduce friction power consumption [10][11][12], but its anti-wear properties are also important. With the development of nano science and technology, more and more researchers have studied nano lubricating oil additives with anti-friction and anti-wear properties, such as soft metals, metal compounds, organic compounds, graphite and its interlayer compounds, etc [13,14]. ...
This paper is to evaluate and compare the tribological properties of lubricating oil blends added with nano graphene and lubricating oil blends added with cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) on the key friction pairs of the diesel engines. The dispersion stability is the premise of studying the tribological properties. In this paper, nano-CeO 2 particles were self-made and high-quality nano-graphene was purchased. The dispersion stability of the two nanomaterials in lubricating oil was studied after the same modification respectively. According to the working conditions of the cylinder liner and the piston ring, the friction and wear tests of the lubricating oil blends added with the modified nanomaterials were carried out at the different temperatures. The results showed that the oleic acid and the stearic acid modified the two nanomaterials successfully. The dispersion stability of the modified nanomaterials in lubricating oil was improved. The dispersion stability of the lubricating oil blends added with graphene before and after modification was slightly higher than that of lubricating oil blends added with CeO 2 before and after modification, respectively. At the high temperature, the anti-friction property of the two nano lubricating oil blends was similar. At the ambient temperature, lubricating oil blends added with modified CeO 2 did not play a role in reducing friction, while lubricating oil blends added with modified graphene had the effect of reducing friction. Whether at ambient temperature or at the high temperature, the anti-wear property lubricated with lubricating oil blends added with modified CeO 2 within the right concentration range was better than that lubricated with lubricating oil blends added with modified graphene.
... Base stocks are key building blocks of lubricating oils and greases, and usually makes up 75 to 99 % of all lubricating oil compositions on a volume basis (Hope, 2018;Lee et al., 2017;Luzuriaga, 2019;Wang et al., 2019). A mixture of one or more base stocks in a fully formulated lubricating oil is usually referred to as a base oil. ...
... A mixture of one or more base stocks in a fully formulated lubricating oil is usually referred to as a base oil. The two terms are usually used interchangeably, however, base oil is used in the context of a fully formulated, ready to use, lubricant whereby blending with additives such as anti-oxidants and anti-foaming agents is complete (Hope, 2018;Lee et al., 2017). Base stocks are classified into five groups, shown in by the American Petroleum Institute (API) based on sulfur content, amount of saturated compounds and viscosity index as shown in Table 1 below (Adebogun et al., 2020). ...
... Base stocks are classified into five groups, shown in by the American Petroleum Institute (API) based on sulfur content, amount of saturated compounds and viscosity index as shown in Table 1 below (Adebogun et al., 2020). However, their high production costs place them at a disadvantage (Adebogun et al., 2020;Biresaw, 2018;Gaal, 2021;Hope, 2018;Hoste, 2021). The development of severely hydrocracked Group 3+ ...
... Also, the higher the viscosity index (VI), the more stable the viscosity is with changes in temperature. The viscosity index of groups IV and V is much higher than the crude oil BOs (Hope, 2018). It has been found out that the BOs with higher thermal conductivities, specific heat capacities, and densities provide better cooling. ...
Electric and hybrid vehicles are gaining increasing attention in recent years. The distinguished difference between electric/hybrid vehicles from conventional ones is the intermittent on-and-off control of the internal combustion engine, whereas the electric vehicles operate on electrical motors. This difference creates new requirements in lubricants with performance characteristics that are otherwise uncritical: electrical properties (such as electrical conductivity and breakdown voltage) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, among others), in addition to fluidic performance that we have studied for decades. In this review, we discuss about lubricants for electric and hybrid vehicles in the following aspects. Starting with a brief historic review, we gathered information about current needs and challenges in electric and hybrid vehicles. We then compared the properties of lubricants, followed by the performance difference of those vehicles in terms of frictional performance, thermal management, and dielectric breakdown. Performance parameters are critically dependent on the properties of lubricants that are crucial for energy efficiency and reliability. This review can be used as a guidance for the future design of advanced lubricants for electric and hybrid vehicles.
... 8 To produce the desired performance lubricants, base oils are frequently blended, additives of different proportions are integrated, and more polar synthetic base oils are added to less polar oils. 9 Formulation practices are regulated by country: for example, in Brazil, mineral ALOs cannot be composed of more than 10% synthetic base oils, and conversely, semisynthetic ALOs must be composed of at least 10% synthetic base oils. 10 The development of lubricant formulations is a complex process that requires extensive chemical and physical analysis and engine testing to produce an oil of a given viscosity that meets performance requirements. ...
Petroleomics, which is the characterization, separation and quantification of the components of petroleum and crude oil, is an emerging area of study. However, the repertoire of analytical methods available to understand commercial automotive lubricant oils (ALOs) is very limited. Ambient mass spectrometry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods for real-time and in situ chemical analysis. With this technique, the chemical fingerprinting of ALOs can be performed quickly and simply using dielectric barrier discharge ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DBDI-TOFMS). The mass spectra of thirty-five samples were obtained without any sample preparation or extraction in positive ion mode, and no carryover was observed. To elucidate the similarities and differences between the ALO samples, the data generated from these spectra were analyzed using four chemometric techniques: principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and Pattern Recognition Entropy (PRE). The ALO samples were readily differentiated according to their American Petroleum Institute (API) classification and base oil types: mineral, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. The development of this new methodology will aid in the semi-quantitative control analysis of ALOs and offers an improved ability to identify the components therein.
... Low-viscosity engine oils, transmission and hydraulic fluids have the potential to substantially increase the energy performance of machines and mechanisms [1][2][3][4][5]. The development of new synthetic approaches to novel types of oils and lubricants with leading characteristics is a relevant task of applied chemistry [6]. ...
Both Group 4 poly-α-olefin (PAO) and Group 5 ester oil basestocks are used in formulations of synthetic engine oils, transmission fluids, and lubricants with leading characteristics such as low viscosity (providing fuel saving), high stability, and environmental safety. The modern technologies of the production of PAOs use catalytic oligomerization of α-olefins, which is complicated by the formation of low-molecular-weight α-olefin dimers (methylenealkanes) as imminent side products. The use of methylenealkanes as raw materials for the synthesis of Group 5 base stocks appears to be highly promising. In the present work, we report the use of methyl 3-butylnonanoate and methyl 3-hexylundecanoate, the products of catalytic methoxycarbonylation of hex-1-ene and oct-1-ene dimers, in the synthesis of two series of branched isomeric esters. These esters demonstrated excellent rheological behavior and may be considered as low-viscosity engine oils with leading characteristics.
With the increasing importance of hand-held devices with touch displays, the need for flat panel displays (FPDs) will likely increase in the future. Glass is the most important substrate for FPD manufacturing, where both its bulk and surface properties are critical for its performance. Many properties of the glass used in FPDs are controlled by its surface chemistry. Surface hydroxyls are the most important functional groups on a glass surface, which control processes that occurs on oxide surfaces, including wetting, adhesion, electrostatic charging and discharge, and the rate of contamination. In this dissertation, I present a new approach for determining surface silanol densities on planar surfaces. This methodology consists of tagging surface silanols using atomic layer deposition (ALD) followed by low energy ion scattering (LEIS) analysis of the tags. The LEIS signal is limited to the outermost atomic layer, i.e., LEIS is an extremely surface sensitive technique. Quantification in LEIS is straightforward in the presence of suitable reference materials. An essential part of any LEIS measurement is the preparation and characterization of the sample and appropriate reference materials that best represent the samples. My tag-and-count method was applied to chemically and thermally treated fused silica. In this work, I determined the silanol density of a fully hydroxylated fused silica surface to be 4.67 OH/nm2. This value agrees with the literature value for high surface area silica powder. My methodology should be important in future glass studies.
Surface Science Spectra (SSS) is an important, peer-reviewed database of spectra from surfaces. Recently, SSS has been expanding to accept spectra from new surface techniques. I created the first SSS submission form for LEIS spectra (see appendix 5), and used it to create the first SSS LEIS paper (on CaF2 and Au reference materials, see chapter 3). I also show LEIS reference spectra for ZnO, and copper in the appendix 1.
The rest of my dissertation focuses on my chemometrics/informatics and data analysis work. For example, I showed the performance and capabilities of a series of summary statistics as new tools for unsupervised exploratory data analysis (EDA) (see chapter 4). Unsupervised EDA is often the first step in understanding complex data sets because it can group, and even classify, samples according to their spectral similarities and differences. Pattern recognition entropy (PRE) and other summary statistics are direct methods for analyzing data – they are not factor-based approaches like principal component analysis (PCA) or multivariate curve resolution (MCR). I show that, in general, PRE outperforms the other summary statistics, especially in image analysis, although I recommend a suite of summary statistics be used in exploring complex data sets. In addition, I introduce the concept of divided spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE) as a new EDA method and use it to analyze multiple data sets. DS-PRE increases the discrimination power of PRE. I have also prepared a guide that discusses the vital aspects and considerations for
chemometrics/informatics analyses of XPS data along with specific EDA tools that can be used to probe XPS data sets, including PRE, PCA, MCR, and cluster analysis (see chapter 5). I emphasize the importance of an initial evaluation/plotting of raw data, data preprocessing, returning to the original data after a chemometrics/informatics analysis, and determining the number of abstract factors to keep in an analysis, including reconstructing the data using PCA. In my thesis, I also show the analysis of commercial automotive lubricant oils (ALOs) with various chemometrics techniques (see chapter 6). Using these methods, the ALO samples were readily differentiated according to their American Petroleum Institute (API) classification and base oil types: mineral, semi-synthetic, and synthetic.
