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Forest plot for the subgroup analysis using the follow-up duration as the moderator, including one, two, and three months. The directions of association between zinc supplementation and pain scale assessment were consistent across all follow-up durations, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs), indicating similar trends in pain reduction over time despite varying levels of statistical significance and heterogeneity [12,13,23,24,25,26].

Forest plot for the subgroup analysis using the follow-up duration as the moderator, including one, two, and three months. The directions of association between zinc supplementation and pain scale assessment were consistent across all follow-up durations, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs), indicating similar trends in pain reduction over time despite varying levels of statistical significance and heterogeneity [12,13,23,24,25,26].

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Background/Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common condition affecting up to 90% of menstruating women, which often results in significant pain without an underlying pathology. Zinc, recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibiting prostaglandin production and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) upregulation, alle...