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Food groups which were strongly associated with RBC aggregation-related dietary pattern scores identified by using an RRR.
Source publication
Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and iron status are interrelated and strongly influenced by dietary factors, and their alterations pose a great risk of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Currently, RBC aggregation-related dietary patterns remain unclear. This study investigated the dietary patterns that were associated with RBC aggregatio...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... response variables were selected on the basis of strong correlations between the independent variables, which were hepcidin (p < 0.001), log-transformed sCD163 (p < 0.01) and %TS (p < 0.001), and RBC aggregation (Table 2; model 2). Table 3 shows the percentage of food variation corresponding to the first dietary pattern scores and factor loading of the food groups. Noodles and deep-fried foods were positively correlated with the first dietary pattern scores (factor loadings ≥0.20). ...Similar publications
Postprandial insulin secretion has been associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between dietary insulin indices and dietary pattern with the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The participants of the present cross-sectional study were included among the individu...
Citations
... [30][31][32][33] Adherence to specific diets, such as the Mediterraneantype diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and diets low in processed and inflammatory foods and high in lean fish and colorful vegetables, also can improve metabolic profiles and reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] The Mediterranean diet has been shown to lower overall and cardiovascular mortality for patients with metabolic syndrome. 45 Pharmacotherapy. ...
Objective
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance) that affects between 12.5% and 31.4% of adults worldwide. It correlates with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and overall mortality in a dose-dependent fashion. This review aims to provide primary care clinicians an updated review of the evidence on metabolic syndrome, with a focus on treatment.
Design
Scoping evidence review.
Eligibility Criteria
English-language studies of evidence Level I or II that focused on defining, diagnosing, and treating metabolic syndrome or its components.
Information Sources
PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Results
Though evidence is still lacking for improved outcomes with treating the syndrome per se, addressing its individual components reduces risks. Lifestyle changes like weight loss and increased physical activity are first line. Surgical options assist with weight loss for certain patients. Pharmacotherapies like glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, statins, and antihypertensives also have efficacy.
Conclusions
Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for many poor health outcomes. Its individual components should be treated with medication and behavioral changes to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent diabetes and its complications. More research is needed on how to treat the syndrome itself. A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome may be useful for motivating patients toward lifestyle changes, though more research is needed on how to treat the syndrome versus its components.
... Boiled seafood, rich in protein and omega-3 Table 4 Subgroup analysis of total seafood consumption for the risk of overweight/abdominal obesity in CHNS 1997-2011 fatty acids, has been shown to prevent obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [39,40]. In contrast, fried seafood may produce trans-fatty acids and advanced glycation end products and increase energydensity, which could counteract the possible beneficial effects of other components in seafood [20,[41][42][43]. This may partially explain why seafood intake did not improve cardiovascular-related mortality in a large study [29]. ...
Background & aims
Obesity has been linked to various detrimental health consequences. While there is established evidence of a negative correlation between seafood consumption and obesity in adults, the current research on the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity in a Chinese nationwide cohort.
Methods
We utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from the year of 1997 to 2015. Seafood consumption was evaluated through 3-day 24-hour recalls. In our study, overweight/obesity status was determined based on the Chinese Criteria of Overweight and Obesity in School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586–2018), while abdominal obesity status was determined according to the Chinese Criteria of Waist Circumference Screening Threshold among Children and Adolescents (WS/T 611–2018).
Results
During an average follow-up of 7.9 years, 404 cases developed overweight/obesity among 2206 participants in the seafood-overweight/obesity analysis, while 381 cases developed abdominal obesity among 2256 participants in the seafood-abdominal-obesity analysis. The high-consumer group was associated with 35% lower risk of overweight/obesity risk and 26% lower risk of abdominal obesity after fully adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, compared with the non-consumer group. Considering different cooking methods, boiled seafood consumption was associated with 43% lower risk of overweight/obesity and 23% lower risk of abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted model, while stir-fried seafood did not demonstrate a statistical significance.
Conclusion
Higher intake of seafood in childhood/adolescents, particularly in a boiled way, was associated with lower obesity risk.
... There were approximately linear dose-response associations of consumption of MedHi foods with all-cause (P for level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/l, or use of diabetes medication or insulin [21]. Hyperlipidemia was defined as total triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 240 mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 40 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dL, or TC /HDL-C ratio ≥ 5 [22]. CVD was defined as a composite of selfreported doctor diagnoses of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, or stroke [23]. ...
Background
Live dietary microbes have been hypothesized to promoting human health. However, there has been lacking perceptions to crystallize nexus between consumption of foods with live microbes and mortality.
Objective
To investigate the association of consumption of foods with medium to high amounts of live microbes with all-cause, cancer-specific, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality.
Methods
The data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 at baseline linked to the 2019 National Death Index records. Based on consumption of foods that were categorized as either having medium or high microbial content (MedHi foods), participants were classified into three groups. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the association of consumption of MedHi foods with mortality. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of consumption of MedHi foods in relation to mortality risk were also estimated.
Results
A total of 35,299 adults aged ≥ 20 years were included in this study. During a median follow-up of 9.67 years, compared with adults in G1, those in G3 had 16% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.90) reduced risk of all-cause mortality, and 23% (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67–0.89) reduced risk of CVD-specific mortality. The PAF of high (G3) vs. intermediate or low consumption of MedHi foods (G1 + G2) with all-cause and CVD-specific mortality was 3.4% and 4.3%, respectively.
Conclusions
Consumption of foods with higher microbial concentrations is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CVD-specific mortality in US adults.
... Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as a self-reported physician's diagnosis, a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level of ≥6.5%, a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/l, random blood glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/l, two-hour glucose tolerance test blood glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/l, or use of diabetes medication or insulin [38]. Hyperlipidemia was defined as total triglyceride ≥200 mg/dL, total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL, or TC /HDL-C ratio ≥5 [39]. CVD was defined as a composite of self-reported doctor diagnoses of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, or stroke [40]. ...
Purpose
Osteoporosis is a common generalized skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. This study aims to crystallize associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with the survival of adults with osteoporosis or osteopenia.
Methods
A total of 3103 participants aged 50 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included in the study. All participants were diagnosed with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of PA and sedentary behaviour with overall mortality, cancer-related mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality.
Results
During 21349 person-years of follow-up, 675 deaths were documented. Highly active participants had a lower risk of all-cause (hazard ratios [HR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42–0.87; P for trend = 0.004), cancer-specific (HR = 0.64; 95%CI, 0.35–1.17; P for trend = 0.132), CVD-specific (HR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.45–1.25; P for trend = 0.452), and other (HR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.29–0.88; P for trend = 0.005) mortality than inactive participants. And sitting time was not associated with mortality among physically active participants; while among those who were insufficiently active or inactive, longer sitting time was associated with increased risks of all-cause (HR per 1-h increase = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.09), cancer-specific (HR per 1 h increase = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.90–1.07), CVD-specific (HR per 1-h increase = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.04–1.18), and other (HR per 1-h increase = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98–1.13) mortality in a dose-response manner.
Conclusions
PA can attenuate the excess mortality risk from prolonged sitting for individuals with osteoporosis and/or osteopenia. The combination of prolonged sedentary behaviour with inactive (participants without any PA during a week) PA was associated with an increased risk of mortality. The all-cause mortality risk of individuals who engage in less than 150 min/wk PA and sit more than 8 h/d is 2.02 (95% CI, 1.37–2.99) times higher than that of individuals who engage in more than 150 min/wk PA and sit less than 4 h/d.
... Diet is closely related to hyperlipidemia [6,7], and dietary patterns have been significantly associated with hyperlipidemia [8,9]. Cooking methods modify the organoleptic conditions of foods, making them more palatable and influencing the bioavailability of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals [10]. ...
... In our analyses, we observed an inverse association between the Bland cooking pattern and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. Our findings align with those of a previous study that reported a significant association of a high consumption of deep-fried foods and a low intake of steamed, boiled, and raw food with hyperlipidemia [8]. Another related study also showed that boiling and sautéing, brining, and light frying tend to have cardio-metabolic benefits [13]. ...
Background
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for many diseases. Previous studies have shown that diet is closely associated with hyperlipidemia. However, the relationship between cooking methods and hyperlipidemia remains unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the major cooking patterns existing in the Eastern Chinese population and evaluate their association with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia.
Methods
We interviewed 4,710 residents in Eastern China regarding the consumption frequency of each cooking method when they prepare food at home or when eating out and regarding the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. Factor analysis, Chi-square tests, analysis of variance, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to identify the cooking patterns and analyze the characteristics of participants’ categories of cooking patterns and the relationship between different cooking patterns and prevalence of hyperlipidemia.
Results
Three major cooking patterns were identified: Traditional Chinese, Bland (little or no oil is used to process the food), and High-temperature cooking patterns. After controlling for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the Bland cooking pattern had lower odds of hyperlipidemia than those in the lowest quartile. Nevertheless, no significant associations were observed between the Traditional Chinese and High-temperature cooking patterns and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia.
Conclusions
This study confirms the association between cooking patterns and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and indicates that the Bland cooking pattern is associated with a reduced prevalence of hyperlipidemia.
... For example, a high-fat diet can induce modifications in the erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, which triggers macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells (Unruh et al., 2015). Also, it has been reported that the increased consumption of noodles and deep-fried foods and a lower intake of steamed, boiled, and raw food in addition to dairy, vegetables, rice, and seafood has been associated with more aggregation (Lin et al., 2018). Another study reported that higher consumption of fast food (pizza, hamburgers, hot dogs, potato chips, and French fries) was significantly associated (p > 0.05) with higher erythrocyte diameter and height (Loyola-Leyva et al., 2020). ...
Hemorheology and microcirculation alterations are caused by erythrocyte size and shape (ESS) modifications. People´s diets can alter erythrocyte functions and membrane fluidity by changing cell membrane components. The aim was to identify differences in ESS obtained by scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and assess their relationship with dietary patterns. The study population included 31 participants (14 healthy, 11 with prediabetes, and 6 with T2DM). Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were obtained using principal component analysis. ESS (diameter, height, axial ratio, thickness, and concave depth) were obtained by SEM and AFM. Differences in ESS between groups were observed with SEM (height) and AFM (height, axial ratio, and concave depth). T2DM presented smaller erythrocytes, more elongated and more altered forms. Two dietary patterns were identified: (1) Unhealthy: more refined cereals, high‐fat dairy, fast food, sugary beverages, and fewer fruits, fish, seafood, low‐fat dairy, and water. (2) Prudent: higher consumption of refined cereals, vegetables, poultry, low‐fat dairy and nuts, and lower tortillas, eggs, high‐fat dairy, and legumes. Tertile 3 of the Unhealthy dietary pattern had 80% of healthy participants. A difference in diameter and height (0.44 and 0.32 μm, respectively) obtained by SEM was observed when comparing tertile 2 (smaller erythrocytes) versus tertile 3 in the Unhealthy dietary pattern. SEM and AFM are excellent tools to assess ESS. Unhealthy dietary patterns might be associated with altered ESS.
Highlights
SEM and AFM are excellent tools to assess erythrocyte size and shape modifications.
Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy and prudent.
Smaller erythrocytes were observed in the second tertile of the unhealthy pattern.
... No matter what similarities or differences are discovered, they may provide insight into components of diet that work toward better or worse health. In this endeavor, we reviewed data mining-related literature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] pertaining to Taiwanese dietary patterns and multiple health or disease outcomes and also described the recent Taiwanese dietary content using data collected in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 2017 to 2020 in order to shed light on healthy eating patterns and options in Asians. ...
... In order to include only dietary factors highly associated with disease or health conditions of interest, we excluded dietary factors discovered by PCA or EFA that focused purely on dimension reduction of the multivariate dietary frequency variables. A total number of 19 articles were included in this review [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The flow chart of searching literatures is shown in Figure 1. ...
... One prospective study employed data from the Mei Jau Health Institute check-up cohort (n = 62,645) [16], and the other one from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (n = 2475) [20]. A total of five cross-sectional studies (n = 25,569-118,924) used data from the MJ health check-up program [8][9][10][11]17], five studies (n = 1245-3071) utilized the data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan [4][5][6]12,15], four studies (n = 125-212) derived data from the Taipei Medical University Hospital study [3,7,13,21], one study (n= 2397) applied data from the Taiwan Children Health Study [14], and another one study employed data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Survey of Aging (TLSA) study (n = 3486) [18], respectively. In addition, there was one case-control study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n = 372 vs. 378) by the National Taiwan University and MacKay Memorial Hospitals [19]. ...
A healthy dietary pattern review for Asian countries is scarce, which is crucial for guiding healthy eating. We reviewed Taiwanese dietary pattern discovery studies. Included were 19 studies, the majority of which employed dimension reduction methods to find dietary patterns associated with various health conditions. To show what is a high or low intake of foods in Taiwan, we also report the average dietary content and the 25th and 75th percentile values of the adult population for six food groups gathered by the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2017–2020. The healthy Taiwanese dietary approach is cohesive across multiple health outcomes occurring at different ages. It is featured with higher intakes of plant-based foods, aquatic foods, and some beneficial ethnic foods (soy products), drinks (tea), and cooking methods (boiling and steaming); lower intakes of fast foods, fatty and processed meats, sugar, salt rich foods/drinks, and fried foods; but with mixed findings for dairy and egg. Yet, the average Taiwanese person consumed many refined staple foods and livestock, but not sufficient vegetables, fruits, whole grains and roots, beans, and nuts. Dairy consumption remains low. In conclusion, Taiwanese discovery studies point to a mortality-lowering total wellbeing dietary pattern consistent with the current knowledge, which discloses potential benefits of soy product, tea, and boiling and steaming.
... In the present study, diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as subjects who self-reported having DM, have fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or were taking insulin/oral hypoglyce-mic agents. Hyperlipidemia was defined as the presence of any one of the following conditions: subjects with fasting plasma total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL, TG ≥ 200 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL, HDL-C < 40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women, a total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio ≥ 5, or taking hypolipidemic drugs [19]. In addition, 19 subjects with hypertension regularly took antihypertensive drugs. ...
Backgrounds:
Adiponectin (apM1) may affect insulin sensitivity, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) can inhibit the binding of insulin and insulin receptors. However, whether apM1 and TNF-α genes influence the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) preceded by insulin resistance is unclear. The current study examines the interactions between the apM1 +45 genotypes, TNF-α -308 genotypes, and insulin resistance on the occurrence of MetS.
Methods:
A total of 329 community residents were recruited, and their personal characteristics were collected. Waist circumference and biochemical markers were examined for determining MetS. Genotypes were identified by the polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
After adjusting for the confounding effects, compared to apM1 +45 GG and GT genotypes carriers with HOMR-IR less than 2.0, those carriers with HOMA-IR greater than 2.0 had an increased MetS risk (OR = 4.35, 95% CI 2.14-8.85). Further, apM1 +45 TT carriers with HOMA-IR greater than 2.0 experienced a higher MetS risk (OR = 5.91, 95% CI 2.78-12.54). A significant interaction of the apM1 +45 genotype and insulin resistance on the MetS development was observed (P = 0.04).
Conclusion:
Our data suggested that apM1 +45 genotypes might modify the effect of insulin resistance on the development of Taiwanese MetS.
... levation of serum lipid concentrations [total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or a reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] is defined as dyslipidemia 1 . The prevalence of high total cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl) varies with regions so that this disease is more widespread in Europe (54%) and the United states (48%) compared to the Southeast Asia (29%) 2 . In a systematic metaanalysis study, the prevalence of dyslipidemia defined as high total cholesterol (≥ 200 mg/dl), high TG (≥ 150 mg/dl), high LDL-C (≥ 130 mg/dl) or a low HDL-C (< 40 in males and < 50 in females) among Iranian adults were reported 41.6%, 46%, 35.5% and 43.9% respectively 3 . ...
Background: The association between the presence of dyslipidemia and major dietary patterns was examined in an adult Iranian population.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 4672 adults aged 35-65 yr old based on data from the Mashhad Stroke And Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) Study initiated in
2010. Anthropometric and blood laboratory measurements were collected for all participants. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 65-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary
patterns were identified using factor analysis.
Results: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 88% including elevated total cholesterol (38.9%), triglyceride (35.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (35.3) or decreased level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (68.9%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with higher scores for a Western pattern with lower physical activity level and educational attainment, and higher current smoking habit, increased the risk of having a raised LDL-C (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.34; P=0.02). However, there was no significant association between adherence to this dietary pattern and other types of dyslipidemia. There was no significant
association between a balanced dietary pattern and dyslipidemia and its components (OR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.18; P=0.431).
Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was more prevalent among individuals with higher consumption of a western dietary pattern. A direct association was found between adherence to Western dietary pattern and LDL-C level.
... It has been shown that the prothrombotic state of diabetes, as well as its cardiovascular complications, would be explained in terms of a chronic in vivo persistence of the oxidative-inflammatory actions of free iron (Lipinsky, 2012).However, we must clarify this concept: in a subject with an ideal insulin in quality and quantity (100% sensitivity), it is almost certain that initially an iron overload does NOT directly or rapidly cause insulin resistance (Abraham, 2006); nevertheless, this is, in modern life, unreal: we all have a greater or lesser degree of tissue insulin resistance (Jara, 2003); and nobody ingests only isolated iron, because it always comes in combination (in particular with fats). Thus, dietary iron is an inducer and promoter of insulin resistance in the current subject (Fernández-Real, 2002) and promoter of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (Lin, 2018); and first, immediately: it has been shown that, through increased hepcidin secretion, iron in the diet correlates positively with the aggregation of erythrocytes (Lin, 2018 (Lu, 1994;Kishimoto, 2010).Thus, acting directly for its cumulative toxic effect on pancreatic beta cells, iron is a factor that determines the pancreatic capacity in insulin secretion (Cooksey, 2010;Abraham, 2006), and, as we have already pointed out, the degree of Your numbnessAll states of iron overload, but above all the "normal" levels of body iron that become with the passage of time in a "physiological" overload contribute decisively to cardiovascular pathology; and this is demonstrated by the accumulation of evidence: iron chelation continues to demonstrate the ability to prevent coronary restenosis (Horwitz, 1999). Let us not forget that the combined excess of insulin, but particularly leptin, is closely associated with a high incidence of stent restenosis (Piatti, 2003;Schafer, 2004).It is shown that ferritins greater than 600mg% in hemodialysis patients have a high mortality at 4 years of followup, due to a marked increase in systemic inflammation -measured by PCR -in the absence of infection (Kletzmayr, 2002). ...
... It has been shown that the prothrombotic state of diabetes, as well as its cardiovascular complications, would be explained in terms of a chronic in vivo persistence of the oxidative-inflammatory actions of free iron (Lipinsky, 2012).However, we must clarify this concept: in a subject with an ideal insulin in quality and quantity (100% sensitivity), it is almost certain that initially an iron overload does NOT directly or rapidly cause insulin resistance (Abraham, 2006); nevertheless, this is, in modern life, unreal: we all have a greater or lesser degree of tissue insulin resistance (Jara, 2003); and nobody ingests only isolated iron, because it always comes in combination (in particular with fats). Thus, dietary iron is an inducer and promoter of insulin resistance in the current subject (Fernández-Real, 2002) and promoter of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (Lin, 2018); and first, immediately: it has been shown that, through increased hepcidin secretion, iron in the diet correlates positively with the aggregation of erythrocytes (Lin, 2018 (Lu, 1994;Kishimoto, 2010).Thus, acting directly for its cumulative toxic effect on pancreatic beta cells, iron is a factor that determines the pancreatic capacity in insulin secretion (Cooksey, 2010;Abraham, 2006), and, as we have already pointed out, the degree of Your numbnessAll states of iron overload, but above all the "normal" levels of body iron that become with the passage of time in a "physiological" overload contribute decisively to cardiovascular pathology; and this is demonstrated by the accumulation of evidence: iron chelation continues to demonstrate the ability to prevent coronary restenosis (Horwitz, 1999). Let us not forget that the combined excess of insulin, but particularly leptin, is closely associated with a high incidence of stent restenosis (Piatti, 2003;Schafer, 2004).It is shown that ferritins greater than 600mg% in hemodialysis patients have a high mortality at 4 years of followup, due to a marked increase in systemic inflammation -measured by PCR -in the absence of infection (Kletzmayr, 2002). ...
Dysregulated glucose metabolism promote inflammation in monocytes and macrophages from patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Men with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death, and the incident sudden death is not explained by obesity or traditional cardiovascular risk factors (Kurl, 2016), but the ingested nutritional iron. Individuals with increased abdominal adiposity exhibit an increased risk of heart failure, in spite of there are oweweigtht or not (Cavalera, 2014), because the insulin resistance contribute to increased myocardial fibrosis in the absence of hypertension (Quilliot, 2005). Iron overload, and plasma viscosity contributes to cardiovascular risk in the general population, particularly in men (Van der A, 2005; Junker, 1998). Iron influences glucose metabolism, even in the absence of significant iron overload, and its reduction may alleviate coronary heart disease and reduced or prevent their complications: High stored or free iron levels (measured by serum ferritin or catalytic iron concentrations) elevate risk for development of coronary atherosclerosis, because labile iron accelerates endothelial dysfunction and originates oxidative injury that promotes systemic and vascular inflammation, phrothrombotic conditions and insulin resistance (Williams, 2002). High serum ferritin is strongly and independently associated with acute myocardial infarction and constitutes a novel risk factor in acute sudden event (Holay, 2012). Iron plays a direct and causal role in diabetes pathogenesis mediated both by β-cell failure and insulin resistance (Simcox, 2013). In the general population, body iron stores are positively associated with the development of glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. In this way, blood donation significant drops in the incidence of cardiovascular events, as well as in procedures such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (Holsworth, 2013): frequent blood donations decreased iron stores in healthy volunteers, improving insulin sensitivity and hemodynamic parameters. Iron and oxygen-derived free radicals are important in the pathogenesis of postischemic reperfusion injury and contributes substantially to endothelial dysfunction in acute coronary syndromes (Chekanov, 2002; Duffy, 2001) , and a high iron diet potentially increase ischemic damage induced by transient ischemia and early reperfusion (García-Yébenes, 2012) in animals and humans. Iron, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia act in concert to up regulate free-radical reactions (Facchini, 2000) and this metal excess accelerated the development of atherosclerosis and its accumulation may promotes illness, particularly, ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance in macrophages promotes formation of a necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques by enhancing macrophage apoptosis, and exposure it to circulating blood in the event of plaque rupture can precipitate thrombosis, leading to unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden death (Rask.Madsen, 2012, rev). In humans phlebotomy slows progression of peripheral vascular disease and blood donation lowers significantly the risk of myocardial infarction (Salonen, 1998), particularly in insulin-resistant subjects. On the contrary, exogenous iron into healthy individuals provoked endothelial dysfunction accompanied by increased generation of superoxide radical in whole blood (Vinchi, 2014, rev). A causal relationship between pre-diabetes and cardiovascular disease exist (Ford, 2010, rev). Humans lack effective mechanisms to excrete excess iron, and excessive dietary iron uptake cause iron deposition in heart, and pancreas (Kulaksis, 2008) leading to sudden death and occult diabetes mellitus. Iron play an underappreciated role in the development of insulin resistance and insulin resistance-induced heart failure. In a chronic and acute way, Insulin resistance is an early and major factor in the development of heart failure and acute iron induced insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes (Sung, 2019). 1- Introduction 2- Catalytic Iron; Irreversible Oxidizer 3- Excess Hemoglobin and Cardiocerebrovascular Pathology 4- Free Iron as a promoter of Ischemic Heart Disease 5- Excess Ferritin and pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction 6- Hyperinsulinemia as a Sudden Death Promoter. The determining role of Iron 7- Iron accumulated in excess and pathogenesis of Diabetes: High hemoglobin versus High Ferritin 8- Iron and atherosclerosis. The evidence 9- Blood Donation. Cardiovascular Pathology Protector
