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Food conversion efficiency (± SE) (A) and feeding deterrence (± SE) (B) of red flour beetles exposed to increasing concentrations of essential oil nanoemulsions of chamomile and cumin. The symbols represent the mean of three independent replicates. Progeny production and grain loss The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the concentrations of both essential oils with similar rate, the effect of the cumin NE was always stronger leading to lower progeny emergence (Fig. 4A). The

Food conversion efficiency (± SE) (A) and feeding deterrence (± SE) (B) of red flour beetles exposed to increasing concentrations of essential oil nanoemulsions of chamomile and cumin. The symbols represent the mean of three independent replicates. Progeny production and grain loss The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the concentrations of both essential oils with similar rate, the effect of the cumin NE was always stronger leading to lower progeny emergence (Fig. 4A). The

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Context 1
... A similar trend was observed for food consumption, which also declined with essential oil concentration and again with cumin exhibited more drastic effect in compromising the relative rate of food consumption than chamomile (Fig. 2B). with increasing concentration was similar for both oils, but cumin imparted slightly higher effect than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The ...
Context 2
... than chamomile (Fig. 2B). with increasing concentration was similar for both oils, but cumin imparted slightly higher effect than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the ...
Context 3
... than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the concentrations of both essential oils with similar rate, the effect of the cumin NE was always stronger leading to lower progeny emergence (Fig. ...
Context 4
... A similar trend was observed for food consumption, which also declined with essential oil concentration and again with cumin exhibited more drastic effect in compromising the relative rate of food consumption than chamomile (Fig. 2B). with increasing concentration was similar for both oils, but cumin imparted slightly higher effect than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The ...
Context 5
... than chamomile (Fig. 2B). with increasing concentration was similar for both oils, but cumin imparted slightly higher effect than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the ...
Context 6
... than chamomile (Fig. 3A). In addition, both essential oils also deterred feeding among flour beetles with a similar rate, as indicated by the similar slopes of the curves of feeding deterrence with concentration ( Fig. 3B). Feeding deterrence increased with concentration and the effect of cumin was consistently stronger than that of chamomile (Fig. 3B). The insects surviving with were able to reproduce while maintaining their feeding activity. Although, the progeny production of the exposed adults of the red flour beetles decreased with the concentrations of both essential oils with similar rate, the effect of the cumin NE was always stronger leading to lower progeny emergence (Fig. ...

Citations

... where A represents the leaf area consumed by the larvae after 72 h of feeding; B represents the total leaf area of the entire plant; C represents the total mass of larvae after feeding on the plant leaves for 72 h (g); D represents the initial larval mass before feeding (Hashem & Ramadan, 2021). ...
Article
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Trichomes are specialized epidermal outgrowths covering the aerial parts of most terrestrial plants. There is a large species variability in occurrence of different types of trichomes such that the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying the formation and the biological function of trichomes in most plant species remain unexplored. Here, we used Chrysanthemum morifolium as a model plant to explore the regulatory network in trichome formation and terpenoid synthesis and unravel the physical and chemical roles of trichomes in constitutive defense against herbivore feeding. By analyzing the trichome‐related genes from transcriptome database of the trichomes‐removed leaves and intact leaves, we identified CmMYC2 to positively regulate both development of T‐shaped and glandular trichomes as well as the content of terpenoids stored in glandular trichomes. Furthermore, we found that the role of CmMYC2 in trichome formation and terpene synthesis was mediated by interaction with CmMYBML1. Our results reveal a sophisticated molecular mechanism wherein the CmMYC2–CmMYBML1 feedback inhibition loop regulates the formation of trichomes (non‐glandular and glandular) and terpene biosynthesis, collectively contributing to the enhanced resistance to Spodoptera litura larvae feeding. Our findings provide new insights into the novel regulatory network by which the plant synchronously regulates trichome density for the physical and chemical defense against herbivory.
... Similarly, Kavallieratos et al. (2021b) developed isofuranodiene-based NE 3% (w/w) derived from Smyrnium olusatrum essential oil (EO) that exhibited high adulticidal effects against T. molitor and larvicidal activity against T. castaneum and T. confusum, reaching 98.6, 97.4, and 93.5% at 1,000 ppm after 7 days of exposure, respectively. Cumin essential oil (Cuminum cyminum L.) nanoemulsion was found to be highly toxic to T. castaneum (Hashem and Ramadan, 2021). Larvae of E. kuehniella were killed with nanoformulation in the form of emulsion using a botanical extract of M. longifolia having a particle range of 14-36 ppm (Louni et al., 2018). ...
Article
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Globally, between one quarter and one-third of total grains produced each year are lost during storage mainly through infestation of insect pests. Among the available control options such as chemical and physical techniques, fumigation with aluminum phosphide (AlP) is so far considered the best control strategy against storage insect pests. However, these insect pests are now developing resistance against AIP due to its indiscriminate use due to non-availability of any effective alternative control option. Resistance to AIP among storage insect pests is increasing, and its inhalation has shown adverse effects on animals and human beings. Nanotechnology has opened up a wide range of opportunities in various fields such as agriculture (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.), pharmaceuticals, and electronics. One of the applications of nanotechnology is the usage of nanomaterial-based insecticide formulations for mitigating field and storage insect pests. Several formulations, namely, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, controlled release formulations, and solid-based nanopesticides, have been developed with different modes of action and application. The major advantage is their small size which helps in proper spreading on the pest surface, and thus, better action than conventional pesticides is achieved. Besides their minute size, these have no or reduced harmful effects on non-target species. Nanopesticides can therefore provide green and efficient alternatives for the management of insect pests of field and storage. However, an outcry against the utilization of nano-based pesticides is also revealed. It is considered by some that nano-insecticides may also have hazardous effects on humans as well as on the environment. Due to limited available data, nanopesticides have become a double-edged weapon. Therefore, nanomaterials need to be evaluated extensively for their large-scale adoption. In this article, we reviewed the nanoformulations that are developed and have proved effective against the insect pests under postharvest storage of grains.
... Nowadays, emerging alternative approaches such as insecticides from natural resources and nano-insecticides are in demand (Hashem and Ramadan, 2021). Nanoparticles (NPs) provides promising solutions for insect control (Athanassiou et al., 2018). ...
... An enormous number of rehearses have investigated the toxicity of various nanomaterials (natural or synthesized) against the stored product insects. The nano-emulsions of essential oils (EO) such as chamomile, cumin, fennel, mint, sweet orange as well as solid lipid NPs loaded by EO showed a toxicity against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica (Hashem and Ramadan, 2021;Giunti et al., 2021;Lima et al., 2021 andHosseinpour et al., 2020). In addition, silica, alumina, zinc oxides, green synthesized silver, and lead NPs expressed high insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae (Gamal, 2018;Sankar andAbideen, 2015 andKeratum et al., 2015). ...
... Furthermore, nanoformulations act as repellents and antifeedants (Giunti et al., 2021;Elango et al., 2016). Also, these nanoformulations reduced progeny production (Hashem and Ramadan, 2021). ...
Article
Encapsulation technologies, including micro- and nanoencapsulation, provide innovative solutions to key challenges in food grain storage, insect and mold infestation, and nutrient loss. Methods like coacervation, spray drying, freeze-drying, electrospinning, solvent evaporation, and interfacial polymerization are commonly used to encapsulate the active ingredients. Encapsulation is particularly effective in prolonging the activity of pesticides and insecticides, enhancing the safety and quality of stored grains. These techniques ensure controlled release by enclosing active ingredients within protective shells, reducing the need for frequent applications. This approach improves food security and promotes sustainable agricultural practices by maintaining high-quality standards for food grains. This review explores the encapsulation technologies in-depth, emphasizing their role in addressing storage challenges and ensuring food security.
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The major universal challenge on our planet is the issue of establishing food security for a rapidly increasing population in the world. Farmers all over the world focus on using new innovations and technologies for enhancing the production and storage of crops through intensive and extensive agriculture. The current efforts lead to the formation of nanopesticides and nanobiopesticides (NBPs) which has been made possible by advances in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is one of the promising areas to boost the availability of food and to manufacture newer products for beneficial purposes in agriculture, food, water, the environment, medicine, energy, and electronics.NBPs are made using a variety of surfactants, polymers, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and metal nanoparticles with sizes in the nanometer range. These NBPs with an elevated surface-to-volume ratio are able to target organisms more effectively and persistently than traditional pesticides because of their physical characteristics and may continue to be effective for longer periods of time. In comparison to conventional pesticides, NBPs have the potential to improve the environment by decreasing toxicity, extending the shelf life of agricultural produce with the aid of nanoparticles, and enhancing the solubility of pesticides that are poorly soluble in water. However, the commercialization of NBPs faces significant obstacles due to their applicability in real-world settings, legal compliance, and market acceptability. Enhancing the usage and spread of NBPs are beneficial in reducing the number of spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses in fertilization, and increased yield through pest and nutrient management.