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Conventional stone aggregates are becoming scare and costly because of huge infrastructure activities going on since last three decades in India. On the other hand, wastes such as that resulting from old concrete constructions are abundantly available. Many attempts have already been made to utilise these wastes referred to as recycled concrete agg...
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The Communication "2030 #DigitalCompass: the European way for the #DigitalDecade" published in March 2021 defines the EU's digital ambitions for the next decade. It refers to clear, concrete targets to be achieved by 2030. Four cardinal points are used to map the EU's trajectory over the next decade: a digitally skilled population and highly skille...
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... As for the asphalt mixture containing recycled concrete aggregates and a modified binder with rubber crumbs, it exhibited less fatigue life in the controlled stress test, while it gave better resistance to rutting [10]. Gopalam et al. also studied the effect of using asphalt binder modified with rubber crumbs on the performance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregates as a substitute for natural aggregates for the coarse part of the grain gradient, and the results showed that these mixtures show less tensile strength and greater resistance to rutting compared to conventional asphalt mixtures [5]. ...
The accumulation of huge amounts of rubble and the worn-out tires that resulted from the severe damage to Syrian facilities because of the current war in Syria poses a serious environmental problem. In this research, therefore, asphalt mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregates and an asphalt binder modified with tire rubber crumbs were designed. It also determines the loading cycles until failure on fatigue and rutting of these mixtures by following numerical modeling and using the 3D-Move Analysis program. The results showed an increase in the optimal asphalt ratio, the proportion of air voids and flow with the increase in the proportion of recycled concrete aggregates in the asphalt mixture. Contrastingly, it showed a decrease in both volumetric density and stability with the increase in the proportion of these aggregates in the mixture. With modifying these mixtures with tire rubber crumbs, both of the percentage of air voids and stability increase, while the volumetric density and flow decrease. The results also showed an increase in the fatigue strength of the asphalt mixture with an increase in the proportion of recycled concrete aggregates, while the rutting resistance increased when the mixture was modified with tire rubber crumbs.
... Several studies reported that the higher Marshall stability exhibited a higher resilient modulus (stiffness) and resistance to permanent deformation (Cai et al. 2018;Gopalam et al. 2020;Xiao et al. 2020). This finding is similar to the present test result in that the resilient modulus and the resistance to permanent deformation of the mixtures with basalt aggregate were higher than those of the mixtures with granite and limestone aggregates. ...
... Instead of this, if these wastes can be recycled with a best technique in the form of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) shown in Fig. 1, resulted benefits by providing alternative sources of construction aggregate to minimise the dependency on the natural resources. However, it requires proper investigation for its use in bituminous layers as in general, it having rough, irregular and high porous surface resulting low specific gravity and high-water absorption compared to conventional aggregate [1][2][3]. ...
In the present study, an effort has been made to utilise recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a replacement for the traditional coarse fraction in paving mixtures, for addressing the issue of dumping space. Additionally, waste materials such as fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) were utilized as fillers in bituminous mixtures. The research aimed to comprehensively evaluate the performance of these non-conventional bituminous mixtures with VG 30 grade bitumen as the binder at a concentration of 5% by weight of the dense bituminous mixtures. Various performance characteristics of these mixtures, including Marshall parameters, indirect tensile strength, and moisture susceptibility, were carefully observed and analyzed. To assess the moisture susceptibility characteristics in the form of tensile strength ratio (TSR), a probabilistic approach was employed based on experimental results. Fifteen distributions were considered, and three goodness-of-fit tests were conducted to confirm the suitability of its use in flexible pavement. The experimental results indicated that mixtures prepared with natural aggregates exhibited better performance compared to other combinations. Nevertheless, the mixture containing RCA with other considered waste materials as a filler also met the codal provisions and showcased promising results. The probability analysis revealed that the lognormal distribution is the best fit for experimental data, further supporting the findings. Overall, the study highlights the potential of using waste materials as alternatives in bituminous mixtures while considering their performance characteristics and environmental benefits.
... Gopalam et al. [153] also developed an experimental study to evaluate the influence of the binder type on the performance of dense graded asphalt mixtures that included RCA replacing NA in the HMA coarse fraction. They produced different Marshall samples of dense asphalt macadam (DBM) mixtures under the Indian technical specifications, using three binders, conventional VG 30 and VG 40 bitumen's, and a crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB), all of them with RCA or NA. ...
Various researchers are developing efforts to integrate waste and by-products as alternative materials in road construction and maintenance, reducing environmental impacts and promoting a circular economy. Among the alternative materials that several authors have studied regarding their use as partial or total substitutes for natural aggregates in the asphalt paving industry, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from construction demolition waste (CDW) stand out. This paper reviews and discusses the characteristics and performance of these materials when used as aggregates in asphalt mixtures. Based on the various studies analyzed, it was possible to conclude that incorporating SSA or RCA in asphalt mixtures for road pavements has functional, mechanical, and environmental advantages. However, it is essential to consider some possible drawbacks of these aggregates that are discussed in this paper, to define the acceptable uses of SSA and RCA as sustainable feedstocks for road paving works.
... Due to the huge construction and infrastructure undertaking since last decades, conventional stone aggregates become more costly and afraid of scarcity in market. On the contrary, demolished concrete wastes are abundantly available and numerous efforts were attempted to use these wastes in several constructions incorporating in bituminous paving layers (Gopalam et al. 2020). Billion tons of steel slag were produced worldwide every year. ...
Recycling of waste and disposal has become a vital environmental issue that creates serious concern worldwide. The use of waste material in pavement structure is one of the essential initiative for the future towards sustainable environment. This study imparts a review on waste materials such as plastic waste, crumb rubber, glass fibre, steel slag, crushed concrete and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and their use in asphalt pavements. The waste materials act as modifiers and have the capability to upgrade the performance of pavement and provide green technology with eco-friendly environment. Utilization of waste material as an asphalt binder enhanced the engineering properties of asphalt pavements. It may be regarded as a smart strategy for sustainable development as it is cost-effective, economical, efficiency and productivity. Moreover, it approached to minimize the pollution. Further, many researchers have investigated the outcomes of asphalt pavement with waste and observed that it achieved the properties and performance of asphalt mixtures while reducing pavement damage, failure and deformation.
... The anti-cracking property of asphalt pavement at low temperatures is a crucial technical index to judge whether the mixture is applicable in cold regions. Literature indicates that mortar is a brittle cementitious composite material at low temperatures (Gopalam et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2013). Regarding the use of RCA in asphalt pavement, the potential risk of low-temperature cracking is one of the first considerations due to the existing defects caused by adhered mortar. ...
With the continuous paving of roads around the world, the huge consumption of natural aggregate (NA) obtained through widespread excavation and extraction is now an inevitable part of highway construction. To alleviate this phenomenon, the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is considered beneficial to potentially substitute these aggregates in asphalt mixtures while concurrently providing secondary environmental, economic, and societal benefits. Nevertheless, engineering asphalt mixtures containing RCA to meet desired performance properties still poses several challenges and uncertainties for practitioners. Based on this, the present work reviews the previous relevant literature on this topic and summarizes the potential use of RCA for asphalt pavement related applications. An important characteristic of RCA is that it consists of various interfacial transition zones (ITZs) and voids caused by adhered mortar which leads to higher water-absorption and crushing characteristics as compared to NA. The treating methods used such as mechanical processing, calcium carbonate bio-deposition, and pozzolanic materials incorporation have been shown to be effective to improve the quality of RCA. The structural and material durability of RCA-asphalt pavement is closely dependent on its mix design, moisture-induced damage, and high and low temperature properties, which is in direct relation to the overall properties of RCA. Moreover, the shape variability of RCA during mixture preparation leads to the change in design gradation and its influence on the properties of RCA-asphalt mixtures should be carefully considered. The total substitution of coarse NA by RCA in asphalt pavement can be reached as long as the engineering properties, particularly the moisture susceptibility, are satisfactorily addressed. Overall, the potential application of RCA is a promising candidate to replace the excessive use of NA for the construction of high quality and sustainable asphalt pavements of the future.
... The Marshall ratio is a ratio of Marshall stability to flow value of a Marshall sample. Based on previous studies [58], this parameter is used to relate the stiffness of the mixtures, and the mixtures with higher Marshall ratio offer more excellent resistance to permanent deformation. From Table 3 it was observed that Granite has higher Marshall ratio of 3.15 KN/mm. ...
The strength and shape of aggregates significantly affect the internal skeleton structure (ISS) of the asphalt mixtures, which affects the service life of asphalt pavement. ISS is a critical factor that decides the load transfer path in the asphalt mixture. To improve the performance of the asphalt mixture, three aggregates Granite, Diabase, and Limestone with different strengths and shapes were used. Two-dimensional image processing was used to acquire the ISS including contact properties, distribution and orientation of aggregates. Marshall, wheel tracking and three-point bending beam tests were carried out to evaluate the relationship between skeleton indexes with mechanical properties. Results indicated that the coarse aggregate voids filling method could obtain mineral gradations with the same volume combinations for the three aggregates. The crushing value, loss-angles value, roundness, and flakiness index have an excellent relationship with contact characteristics, showing that strength and shape significantly affect the ISS of the asphalt mixture. The results of Marshall, rutting, and bending stiffness modulus are consistent with the internal structural index, proving that low-temperature and high-temperature performance of asphalt mixture are directly affected by aggregate contact properties. There is a weak linear relationship of strength parameters with mechanical properties because Diabase is three times stronger than Granite but has a lower performance demonstrating that the strength of aggregate has a minimal effect on the performance and stability of the asphalt mixture. The results obtained in this study could be used to improve the utilization efficiency of aggregate.
... Since from 1930, researchers are working on to investigate the moisture sensitivity of the aggregate-binder bond [18]. Water being dipolar nature has a better influence than aggregate whose net charge along the surface of crushing is either negative or positive. ...
Stripping is detachment of aggregate from bitumen. Loss of adhesion is main reason for stripping. Adhesion loss is principally due to the aggregate's affinity towards the water, bitumen properties and aggregate characteristics. Anti-stripping agents are unique alternative techniques adopted, but rendered the financial implication. Hence it used to minimize the stripping intensity have a substantial drawback on increase in the cost of construction. The other alternative is to select the naturally available sustainable materials which are compatible with Bitumen, basic aggregates from Limestone & Dolomite stone and acidic aggregates form Granite, River Gravel, Dolerite, and Quartzite are utilized for evaluating bond characteristics with 80/100 grade Bitumen. The bond strength was evaluated with the Pull-Out Test with dry (D), saturated (S), saturated surface dry (SSD), and surface smooth (SSM) conditions of aggregates. Experimental investigation exhibits that, basic aggregates consists of Limestone & Dolomite have improved bonding with bitumen. Since these have high carbonation minerals. Acidic aggregates exhibited less bond strength with bitumen as these have less calcium content and more silica content presented in mineral texture.
The architecture, engineering, construction, and operations industry faces an urgent need to enhance construction and demolition waste management in urban areas, driven by increasing demolition and construction activities and a desire to align with sustainable practices and the circular economy principles. To address this need, a systematic literature review on the building information modelling methodology was conducted, employing a structured protocol and specific tools for the analysis of academic studies, based on PRISMA guidelines and StArt software (version 3.4 BETA). Ninety relevant studies published between 1998 and 2024, were analysed and selected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Engineering Village databases. Findings indicate that China leads in publications with 34%, followed by Brazil (8%) and the United Kingdom (7%). The analysis emphasises the use of drones and LiDAR scanners for precise spatial data, processed by 3D reconstruction tools like Pix4D and FARO As-Built. Revit excels in 3D modelling, providing a robust platform for visualisation and analysis. Visual programming tools such as Dynamo automate processes and optimise material reuse. The study presents a conceptual framework that integrates these technologies with the principles of the circular economy, clarifying the interactions and practical applications that promote the sustainable management of demolition waste from urban buildings and process efficiency. Although the approach promotes material reuse and sustainability, it still faces barriers such as the need for waste segregation at the source, the adaptation of innovative technologies, like the iPhone 15 Pro LiDAR and thermal cameras, as well as associated costs. These factors may limit its adoption in larger-scale projects, particularly due to the increased complexity of buildings.
