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C. camphora is a renowned traditional Unani medicinal herb and belongs to the family Lauraceae. It has therapeutic applications in various ailments and prophylactic properties to prevent flu-like epidemic symptoms and COVID-19. This comprehensive appraisal is to familiarize the reader with the traditional, broad applications of camphor both in Unan...
Citations
... [8][9] In traditional medicine, camphor has been utilized as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent. 10 In recent years, camphor has also been explored for its potential in synthesizing novel drugs and agricultural compounds ( Figure 1A). [11][12][13][14][15] In 2023, Gu's group successfully designed and synthesized derivatives of camphor sulfonohydrazide/sulfonamide, demonstrating significant inhibitory activities against Fusarium graminearum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Phytophthora capsici. ...
Phytophthora infestans control is a long-standing problem that has caused ongoing difficulties and brought limited success for over a century. Traditional methods, such as fungicides, have drawbacks including high cost, restrictions on organic farming, potential risks to the environment and human health, and the development of resistant strains. In this study, we employed cutting-edge computer-based techniques, including Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling and molecular docking simulations, to uncover new fungicidal compounds and gain insights into their specific mechanisms of action against P. infestans. QSAR modeling on the number of compounds tested as P. infestans inhibitors was performed using an interactive OCHEM web platform. The predictive ability of the developed сlassification models had a balanced accuracy (BA) of 77-85% for the training set and BA = 89-93% for the validation external test set. During the in vitro testing against P. infestans, thirteen synthesized 2-oxoimidazolidine-4-sulfonamides demonstrated inhibition rates, ranging from 23.6% to 87.4%. The fungicidal potential of six of these fungicides ranged from 79.3% to 87.4%, which is comparable to the activity of known fungicides. Acute toxicity results using the wellknown aquatic marker Daphnia magna showed that the most active sulfonamides 3d, 3f, 3h, 3j, 3k, and 3l, with LC50 values ranging from 13.7 to 52.9 mg/L, are low-toxicity compounds. The molecular docking results
demonstrated a potential mechanism of the antifungal action of the studied 2-oxoimidazolidin-4-sulfonamide derivatives via the inhibition of fungal CYP51, a sterol biosynthesis enzyme.
... [9] Also, the research revealed that the polyphenols found in Ceylon cinnamon leaves help to reduce anti-inflammation and macrophage activation. [10] Antidiabetic cinnamon activity is one of the important areas under investigation. Recent in-vivo, in-vitro and in-silico analysis revealed that Cinnamomum cassia possesses anti-diabetes as well as anti-hyperlipidaemic activity. ...
Cinnamon, an Indigenous species, is extensively used as a folk medicine in India, China, and other parts of the world due to its therapeutic potential inherited via the latent chemical composition. The vital component presented is cinnamaldehyde, along with cinnamic acid and cinnamate, which contributes to being an anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent together with the capability to control neurological syndromes like Alzheimer's and even Parkinson's diseases. Given the importance of the anticarcinogenic properties of cinnamon on various cell strains concerning the curable effect, this review focuses on evaluating different extraction methods like steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, and more, in addition to a summary of new technologies like gas chromatography, HPLC, DART‐MS, and NMR, etc. which paved the way in characterizing the chemical composition of cinnamon. Cinnamaldehyde showed its apoptosis through various mechanistic pathways on an adequate number of cell lines and antineoplastic potential on specific multifaceted cancerous cells, which advocates for continued research and investment in this vital area of drug discovery and suggestions for future scope.
... Furthermore, VOSviewer software was utilized to create visual representations for the study. The Heyat group previously used this software to determine the closest terms in the following domains: deep learning in motor imagery (Pal et al., 2023), female disorders , bruxism , insomnia , stress with machine learning , deep learning in motor imagery , augmented reality in education (Sheikh et al., 2021), smartphone addiction , camphor (Fazmiya et al., 2022), blockchain technology in cryptocurrency (Akhtar et al., 2019), and anxiety . ...
Background
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has been a significant concern in veterinary medicine since its discovery. Despite decades of research, understanding the full spectrum of this disease remains a challenge. To address this gap, a comprehensive analysis of the existing body of knowledge on LSD is essential. Bibliometric analysis offers a systematic approach towards the mapping of research landscape, identifying key contributors, and uncovering emerging trends in LSD research.
Objective
This study aims to conduct a thorough bibliometric analysis spanning from 1947 to till the present date in order to map the knowledge domain of LSD. The objective is to gain insights into the global research trends, identify influential contributors, explore collaboration networks, and predict future outlook in LSD research.
Method
Data extracted from the Scopus database was used to perform a bibliometric analysis. 341 relevant documents were selected for analysis. Bibliometric indicators, including publication numbers, citation counts, and the h-index, were utilized to assess the comprehensive contributions of nations, organizations, authors, and source titles. Additionally, cooperation networks between countries, organizations, and authors were visualized using the VOSviewer tool.
Results
The analysis revealed a significant increase in research output on LSD, with a notable growth rate of 19.26%. Since its discovery in Zambia in 1929, LSD research has grown steadily, with an average annual growth rate of 5.21%. The University of Pretoria and the Federal Centre for Animal Health emerged as the most active institutions and organizations in LSD research. The Journal of Virology was identified as the most cited journal, reflecting its significant impact on the field, and a strong international collaboration was observed between the United Kingdom and South Africa.
Conclusion
This study provides valuable insights into the global research landscape of LSD, highlighting key trends, contributors, and collaboration networks. By reviewing decades of research, this analysis enhances our understanding of LSD and serves as a foundation for future research endeavours. The findings of this study will aid researchers in navigating the vast literature on LSD, ultimately contributing to advancements in veterinary medicine and disease management strategies.
... G. lucidum was collected from Shandong, which has a temperate monsoon climate characterized by distinct seasons, warm and humid summers, and cold and dry winters. These climate conditions may promote the accumulation of more secondary metabolites in Ganoderma during the growing season, particularly triterpenoids like ganoderic acid and ganoderol [19][20][21]. ...
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma is a kind of edible and medicinal mushroom, which is widely used because of its significant pharmacological activity. There are many species within the Ganoderma genus, each with different material bases and applications. However, detailed studies on these species are still lacking. In this study, we investigated the metabolites of G. leacontextum (B), G. lucidum (C), G. tsugae (S) from Changbai Mountain, and G. tsugae (M) from Mongolia using metabolomics. The PCA results indicated minimal differences between M and S, whereas B and S exhibited significant variations. A total of 708 differential metabolites were identified in this study, with steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, and quinones being the major metabolites. Specifically, triterpenoids and steroids were higher in C. Meanwhile, phenolic compounds were more abundant in B. Additionally, quinones were more abundant in M and S. We validated some of the main compounds, and the results showed that paracetamol was most abundant in B, making paracetamol a potential marker for identifying B. Additionally, vitamin K3 was found to be more abundant in M and S, which can serve as a marker for their identification. This study provides new insights and a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the genus Ganoderma.
... On a positive note, certain ketones found in essential oils have been associated with various therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. For example, menthone and camphor are known for their cooling and pain-relieving effects [43,44]. In terms of p-value enrichment analysis, wax monoester possessed a p-value of 2.48 × 10 − 16 showing the greatest actual hits and the class represented by hexyl acetate, propyl propionate, 3-methylbutyl formate, 3-methylbutyl propanoate, 2-methypropyl propanoate; hexyl propionate, methyl 3-methylbutanoate, isopentyl isopentanoate, methyl pentanoate; pentyl 3-methylbutanoate, 2-methylpropyl 2-ethyl-2-methylbutanoate, and ethyl hexanoate. ...
In this study, an untargeted metabolomic approach was applied to analyze volatile secondary metabolites in five different essential oils (i.e., anise myrtle oil, honey myrtle oil, lemon myrtle oil, lemon-scented tea tree oil, and peppermint gum oil) from the Myrtaceae family, originating from the Australian bush plants. A total of 503 volatile secondary metabolites were tentatively identified across the five oils using static headspace two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Both principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis generated using the identified metabolites revealed a clear discrimination into five clusters of oils. Nevertheless, only 24 of 503 identified metabolites significantly differentiated the five essential oils and these metabolites were identified as biomarkers based on their variable importance in the projection score. In terms of cluster analysis, the essential oils were clustered into five different groups using hierarchical cluster analysis. However, K-mean clustering showed that lemon myrtle oil and lemon-scented tea tree oil were clustered together due to their very close chemical composition compared to the other studied essential oils. Additionally, metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that ketones represented the primary class in all essential oils, followed by aryl-aldehydes. In summary, despite belonging to the same Myrtaceae family, these oils can be well discriminated based on their respective species.
... It contains high contents of protein with a balanced amino acid composition, soluble dietary fiber, flavonoids, and other active ingredients [1]. Researchers have demonstrated that these active ingredients can remove excessive free radicals and absorb harmful substances in the human body, and they can prevent hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and other diseases [2][3][4]. In addition, modern society is focused on seeking protein foods of high quality to meet the needs of the global population [5,6]. ...
To explore the effects of particle size distribution on its physicochemical, functional, and structural properties, alfalfa leaf powders with mean particle sizes (D50) of 506.1, 246.3, 209.8, 92.01, and 20.68 μm were prepared by sieving. The physicochemical, functional, and structural properties of alfalfa were compared, and correlation and principal component analyses were conducted. As the D50 of alfalfa leaf decreased, the bulk density, tap density, and the swelling capacity increased first and then decreased, but the compressibility, transition temperature, and melting temperature exhibited an opposite trend. The solubility, lightness, and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes and tyrosinase were enhanced. Specifically, the alfalfa leaf with a D50 of 209.8 μm exhibited a higher bulk density and swelling capacity and a lower compressibility, transition temperature, and melting temperature. The alfalfa leaf with a D50 of 20.68 μm presented better solubility, lightness, and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes and tyrosinase. Additionally, the surface roughness and the number of surface hydroxyls improved and the crystallinity index decreased, but the type of surface functional groups was unchanged. These changes in microstructure can provide an explanation for the trend of the physicochemical and functional properties. Moreover, based on the results of the correlation analysis and principal component analysis, it can be concluded that there are strong correlations among the particle size, physicochemical properties, and functional properties of alfalfa leaf. Overall, this conclusion can help determine the appropriate grinding particle size range for alfalfa leaf in different functional food products.
... When given intravenously, it can help prevent cytokine storms. C. camphora contains cineol, borneol, and citronellal, which inhibit inflammatory cytokine, chemokine production, and PGE-2 production (Fazmiya et al., 2022). C. camphora has potent anti-inflammatory (Kang et al., 2019) and antioxidant properties (Zafar et al., 2012). ...
... Liu et al. (2019) confirmed that flavonoids extracted from C. camphora have antioxidant capacity (Fu et al., 2016). From C. camphora ethanolic extract, phenolic plant metabolites, including linalool, nerolidol, and borneol, were extracted (Muhamad et al., 2019) that have antioxidant and remove free radical potential (Fazmiya et al., 2022). Kaddam et al. demonstrated the unique effect of acacia gum as an antioxidant among sickle cell anemic patients, as it increases TAC levels and decreases oxidative stress markers. ...
Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy of the Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. vaginal suppository in addressing heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and their impact on participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) analyzed using machine learning algorithms.
Method: A total of 62 participants were enrolled in a double-dummy, single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either the suppository group (SG), receiving a formulation prepared with Acacia arabica gum (Gond Babul) and camphor from Cinnamomum camphora (Kafoor) through two vaginal suppositories (each weighing 3,500 mg) for 7 days at bedtime along with oral placebo capsules, or the tranexamic group (TG), receiving oral tranexamic acid (500 mg) twice a day for 5 days and two placebo vaginal suppositories during menstruation at bedtime for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The primary outcome was the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) for HMB, and secondary outcomes included hemoglobin level and SF-36 HRQoL questionnaire scores. Additionally, machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), AdaBoost (AB), naive Bayes (NB), and random forest (RF) classifiers were employed for analysis.
Results: In the SG and TG, the mean PBLAC score decreased from 635.322 ± 504.23 to 67.70 ± 22.37 and 512.93 ± 283.57 to 97.96 ± 39.25, respectively, at post-intervention (TF3), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of participants in the SG achieved normal menstrual blood loss compared to the TG (93.5% vs 74.2%). The SG showed a considerable improvement in total SF-36 scores (73.56%) compared to the TG (65.65%), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Additionally, no serious adverse events were reported in either group. Notably, machine learning algorithms, particularly AB and KNN, demonstrated the highest accuracy within cross-validation models for both primary and secondary outcomes.
Conclusion: The A. arabica and C. camphora vaginal suppository is effective, cost-effective, and safe in controlling HMB. This botanical vaginal suppository provides a novel and innovative alternative to traditional interventions, demonstrating promise as an effective management approach for HMB.
... 44 Moreover, camphor has been used successfully as a remedy for COVID-19 symptoms and has been shown to inhibit the S-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. 45 ...
... The branch bark, commonly known as Japanese cinnamon, has an aromatic flavor and has been used for various culinary and medicinal applications for many centuries [7]. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that cinnamon exhibits beneficial properties, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, blood sugar regulation, potential cardiovascular benefits, and cognitive function and neuroprotective effects [8][9][10][11]. In a previous study, we found that CJ bark exhibits greater antioxidant activity than the leaves, and CJ bark have good anti-inflammatory effect [12]. However, the leaves had a greater extract yield than the bark, which is a great advantage in developing natural therapeutics. ...
Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold (CJ) branch bark, commonly known as Japanese cinnamon, has been used for various culinary and medicinal applications for many centuries. Although the efficacy of CJ branch bark’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity for the treatment of various diseases has been confirmed, the efficacy of CJ leaves (CJLs) has not been examined. We therefore investigated whether CJL3, an ethyl acetate extract of a 70% ethanol CJL extract, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Kupffer cells, specialized macrophages found in the liver. Liver inflammation can activate Kupffer cells, inducing the release of pro-inflammatory molecules that contribute to tissue damage. We found that CJL3 has high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical-scavenging activity. Among the CJL extracts, CJL3 exhibited the greatest polyphenol content, with protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid being the most abundant. In addition, we verified that CJL3, which has strong antioxidant properties, ameliorates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting p38/JNK/AP-1 signaling. CJL3 therefore has potential for treating liver disease, including hepatitis.
... The different parts of C. camphora L. such as leaves, twigs and bark have been traditionally used for treating diseases like rheumatism, muscle pain, sprains, bronchitis, indigestion and asthma 8 . Moreover, the plant has been reported to exhibit allelopathic 9 , nematicidal 9 , antibacterial 10,11 , antitumor 11 , antifertility 12 , anti-hyperlipidemic 12 , antioxidant 8,[11][12][13][14][15][16] , insecticidal 9,11,[17][18] , anti-inflammatory 8,[11][12]19 , antimicrobial 9,[12][13][20][21][22] , antifungal 4,23-24 and larvicidal 25 properties. Chemical composition and essential oil yield of fresh (leaf) C. camphora have been investigated from Nepal 9 , Guangzhou (China) 10,26 , Assam (India) 20 , Australia 26 and Nainital (India) 3 . ...
... The different parts of C. camphora L. such as leaves, twigs and bark have been traditionally used for treating diseases like rheumatism, muscle pain, sprains, bronchitis, indigestion and asthma 8 . Moreover, the plant has been reported to exhibit allelopathic 9 , nematicidal 9 , antibacterial 10,11 , antitumor 11 , antifertility 12 , anti-hyperlipidemic 12 , antioxidant 8,[11][12][13][14][15][16] , insecticidal 9,11,[17][18] , anti-inflammatory 8,[11][12]19 , antimicrobial 9,[12][13][20][21][22] , antifungal 4,23-24 and larvicidal 25 properties. Chemical composition and essential oil yield of fresh (leaf) C. camphora have been investigated from Nepal 9 , Guangzhou (China) 10,26 , Assam (India) 20 , Australia 26 and Nainital (India) 3 . ...
... The different parts of C. camphora L. such as leaves, twigs and bark have been traditionally used for treating diseases like rheumatism, muscle pain, sprains, bronchitis, indigestion and asthma 8 . Moreover, the plant has been reported to exhibit allelopathic 9 , nematicidal 9 , antibacterial 10,11 , antitumor 11 , antifertility 12 , anti-hyperlipidemic 12 , antioxidant 8,[11][12][13][14][15][16] , insecticidal 9,11,[17][18] , anti-inflammatory 8,[11][12]19 , antimicrobial 9,[12][13][20][21][22] , antifungal 4,23-24 and larvicidal 25 properties. Chemical composition and essential oil yield of fresh (leaf) C. camphora have been investigated from Nepal 9 , Guangzhou (China) 10,26 , Assam (India) 20 , Australia 26 and Nainital (India) 3 . ...
Cinnamomum camphora L. belonging to family Lauraceae, is an aromatic evergreen plant which has been traditionally used to heal several health problems such as cold, fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and various infections. In this study, four drying treatments (sun, shade, blower and oven) were applied on the leaves of C. camphora collected in summer season and their effect on the yield, composition and biological properties of the essential oil was evaluated. Hydro distillation of fresh and dried samples was carried out by Clevenger apparatus and essential oils obtained were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Alpha-pinene, camphene, myrcene, limonene and camphor were the common major constituents of the essential oils. The highest essential oil yield was obtained by blower drying technique. Shade dried sample possessed the best antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and α-amylase inhibition activities. The highest percentage of camphor was obtained in sun dried plant material. Despite of comparatively low essential oil yield in sun dried C. camphora, sun drying technique is less energy consuming and increased the content of major component of camphora leaves.
