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... chemical part uses the thermodynamical database Cemdata18 ( Lothenbach et al., 2019). Hydration and interstitial solution calculations precede this reactive transport simulation (see Figure 1 for the description of the simulation steps). Input data are limited to chemical and mineralogical composition of the binder, concrete mix-design, average bulk porosity and effective diffusion coefficient of concrete. ...
Context 2
... chemical part uses the thermodynamical database Cemdata18 ( Lothenbach et al., 2019). Hydration and interstitial solution calculations precede this reactive transport simulation (see Figure 1 for the description of the simulation steps). Input data are limited to chemical and mineralogical composition of the binder, concrete mix-design, average bulk porosity and effective diffusion coefficient of concrete. ...
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Citations
... The carbonation depth is usually determined by the spray of phenolphthalein solution (NMX C515) or other reagents (EN 12390-12). So far, a considerable amount of exposure data has been obtained from long-term exposure sites and real structures in marine environments [10,13,59,62,63]. ...
... So far, these multi-species models can consider more complex equilibria between the pore solution and the solid phases [76][77][78][79][80]. The models with convection transport were also developed to consider the capillary absorption under drying-wetting cycles or under non-saturated conditions [63,[80][81][82]. The multi-phase or multi-component models used 2D or 3D numerical solutions to simulate the chloride transport among different phases or components [83]. ...
... These data can be acquired directly by equipment and sensors installed in exposure sites or be procured from meteorology and hydrology stations. Table 4 Fig [63]. The model users were supplied with the same information as given in Fig. 3, and the additional data including moisture profile after 2 years' exposure, and the surface chloride contents curve-fitted after 0.6-2 years' exposure as well. ...
This paper reviews the technical aspects related to the long-term field exposure practice in marine environments, based on the return of experiences of major marine exposure sites in world-wide scope. The long-term exposure practice helps both the research on durability mechanisms of structural concretes under real environments and the calibration of durability models to support the life-cycle management of concrete structures. The presentation of the field exposure data can be categorized into the information relevant to exposure sites, the data related to the exposed materials and specimens, the information of environmental actions, and the data related to the performance of materials. A standardized presentation of these data can help the efficiency of data sharing and exploitation. The exploitation of exposure data employs various models to represent the chloride ingress and the induced corrosion risk of the embedded steel bars. There are needs for models addressing the strong environment-material interactions, and simple yet reliable durability indicators for engineering use. The design and operation of exposure stations need the careful choice of exposure sites and specimens, the appropriate scheme for monitoring and inspection of exposed specimens, the systematic recording and management of exposure data, and the regular maintenance of exposure facilities. The support of exposure data for life-cycle management is demonstrated through the durability planning of a real project case. The good practice of long-term field exposure is summarized in the end.
