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Competency model is a tool designed for assessing the quality standards of effective educational leaders in school. However, the validity and reliability of the competency model using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) has not been studied extensively. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the usability of the competency model of middle leaders in...
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... is also the possibility of overlap of items that should not be in the specific construct ( Muda et al., 2018). Table 1 shows a summary of the suggested requirements (Hair et al., 2018) for the compatibility index to be met in the EFA. Through EFA, the number of constructs and the structure of the factors which underlies the variables under study can be identified. ...Context 2
... structure of the factors formed is based on feedback from the study sample. Each item in the competency construct must be aligned with the EFA compatibility index testing as set out in Table 1. ...Context 3
... is also the possibility of overlap of items that should not be in the specific construct ( Muda et al., 2018). Table 1 shows a summary of the suggested requirements (Hair et al., 2018) for the compatibility index to be met in the EFA. Through EFA, the number of constructs and the structure of the factors which underlies the variables under study can be identified. ...Citations
... Researchers argue that a minimum of 200 samples can be sufficient; others recommend a larger sample size of 300 or more for stable factor extraction(Costello & Osborne, 2005;Mundfrom et al., 2005;Li et al., 2025).Li et al. (2025) highlight that sample adequacy varies based on study design, and high communalities (>0.6) can justify smaller samples, whereas lower communalities require a larger dataset.Recent research suggests that the adequacy of a sample size for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) depends on various factors, including the number of items, factor loadings, and communalities rather than a fixed threshold.Mundfrom et al. (2005) emphasize that sample sizes of 100-200 can be adequate when communalities exceed 0.6, but larger samples with 300 or more provide more excellent stability. Similarly,Samad et al. (2024) assert that while smaller pilot studies with over 100 participants can provide preliminary insights, a larger sample is preferable for scale validation. Given that the myFRSGY scale comprised 102 items across ten constructs, using 243 participants aligns with established recommendations for EFA sample adequacy. ...
Resilience is crucial for families to adapt to evolving social, economic, and cultural changes. However, existing family resilience scales, often rooted in Western perspectives, may not fully capture the unique resilience factors of Malaysian Gen Y families. This study aims to develop and establish the initial factor structure of the Malaysian Gen Y Family Resiliency Scale (myFRSGY), a culturally relevant and reliable measure. A cross-sectional quantitative design was employed, with 243 married participants with children. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed using Principal Axis Factoring with varimax rotation to identify key resilience constructs based on Walsh’s Family Resilience Framework (2003). Ten distinct factors emerged from qualitative thematic analysis of focus group discussions: family endurance, roles and responsibilities, psychological and physical support, communication and conflict resolution, financial stability, adaptability, parenting and child well-being, spiritual and moral values, independence, and social support networks. Factor loadings exceeded 0.60, explaining 60–73% of the variance. The myFRSGY scale demonstrated strong internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.90, suggesting high reliability, though some potential items overlap issues. The myFRSGY scale offers a culturally appropriate framework for evaluating the family resilience of Malaysian Gen Y, specifying important insights for research, counselling, social policy, and intervention programs. Future studies should utilise confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), cross-cultural validation, and longitudinal assessments to enrich generalizability and predictive capabilities. The myFRSGY scale presents a novel approach to understanding and strengthening family resilience in Malaysia.
