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Many ballast water sampling programmes were undertaken in the past to document the number of individuals and variety of species arriving with ships. As no standard ballast water sampling tool exists various sampling devices were used during these studies. When sampling ballast water for compliance control with the Ballast Water Management Conventio...
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... the spillage can be minimised by directing the filtered water with a hose to a sink – or by placing a water collecting tank underneath the device which may be emptied as requested. In case the treatment system uses backwash-lines to discharge filter backwash material, this backwash line may also be used to discharge the filtered water. 11. In case the sampling procedure takes longer, organism survival may be impaired by the long sampling time. To allow optimal organism survival, the tap of the cod-end may than be opened every 10 minutes to extract sampled organisms (subsample). By doing so organism exposure to air is minimised. Organisms in all subsamples should be counted. All these advantages will result in an efficient, timely and accurate sampling of ballast water. In addition due to the time efficient application, the number of samples or replicates taken by the sampling crew may be increased without any extra working hours. The flow meter reads the metric system with a flow indication per sampling event and a cumulative lifetime measurement (Figure 1). Measuring range: 9 l/min (= 0,15 l/sec) up to 200 l/min (= 3,33 l/sec) Accuracy 1 : < 96% of reading from 200 l/min to 50 l/min Pipe diameter: 20 mm Pressure rating: 10 bars Hose connection: Hose nozzle for hose diameters of 25 up to 27 mm Fluid temperature: 0°C ... +50°C Material: Inline fitting: PVC Paddle wheel: PVDF Axle: Ceramic O-Ring: FPM Electronic housing: PC Front plate cover: Polyester Batteries: 2 x 9 V DC (6LR6/PP3) Autonomy min. 2 years 2 at +20°C The filter bag (Figure 2) and cod-end (Figure 3) are especially designed for the purpose of ballast water sampling. The cod-end may be unscrewed from the sampling bag after sampling (Figure 4). Diameter: 40 cm Length: 100 cm Cod-end: PVC, 60 mm diameter, two side windows covered with Monyl 50 micron mesh size (diagonal dimension) filtering panels and with ...
Citations
... Several sampling and processing techniques have been developed for hydrobiological analysis to assess the diversity and abundance of phyto-and zooplankton organisms in ballast water. The main ones among them are microscopy and flow cytometry [4,5]. However, these methods are still not considered adequate for testing the effectiveness of ballast water treatment systems and monitoring compliance with the IMO standard for the discharge of ballast water into ports and bays. ...
... Mesoplankton is scanned in Bogorov's chamber. Bogorov's modified counting chamber makes it possible to more accurately analyze larger organisms on board while the ship is moving or rolling [4]. Organisms are viewed in 10-20 fields of view of a stereomicroscope with a magnification of ×16-×32 and ×40-×50. ...
... If, when taking samples from ballast tanks, ladders and platforms prevent the lowering of fishing gear to the entire depth of the tank, ballast water samples are taken by means of pumps with flow meters and a filter cup (mesh size 40-55 μm). For the sampling of mesoplankton, the sampling device developed by the Hydrobios Company has proven itself well in practice [4]. This device consists of a flexible cone (bag) (prevents the destruction of organisms) with an integrated flow meter and a screw-down filter can. ...
... For zooplankton analysis the water was sampled over the entire uptake or discharge time as one, time-integrated sample using the Hydro-Bios Ballast Water Sampling Kit (Hydro-Bios, Kiel, Germany). It consists of a filtering bag and removable cod-end with a mesh of 50 μm in diagonal dimension and includes a flow meter that the filtered water volume can be measured (Gollasch, 2006). For the enumeration of zooplankton, the sample was extracted from the plankton net and the net was cleaned with a wash bottle to transfer also organisms which may have stuck to the plankton net into a 1 L bottle. ...
During the type approval process of ballast water management systems (BWMS) performance tests need to be conducted according to the BWMS Code (previously Guidelines G8) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The shipboard tests previously included a control experiment with untreated ballast water to evaluate the BWMS performance by comparing test results of treated and untreated water. Biological results and abiotic parameters of 97 control water tests conducted during the last >10 years during ballast water uptakes and corresponding discharges were summarized. In general, a strong decline of organisms in ballast tanks was observed, especially during the first few days of the holding time. The IMO validity criteria for uptake water phytoplankton in shipboard control tests were met in 82.5% of all tests. Phytoplankton numbers below the validity criteria occurred predominantly in winter and/or when the water was taken up offshore. For zooplankton the validity criteria were always met. The TSS and POC content in our ballast water uptake samples was frequently much higher than required during IMO BWMS type approval tests so that the current testing requirements do not represent a challenge to BWMS. With this a risk is taken that type approved BWMS fail in water conditions which occur frequently in the real world.
... Because organisms ≥ 50 μm are typically sparsely distributed (particularly in treated water), these organisms are usually concentrated from the sample water prior to analysis. In practice, a portion of the water filling or draining a tank (i.e., the sample) is diverted into a filtration device, such as a filter skid or plankton net (e.g., Gollasch 2006;Drake et al. 2014;Bradie et al. 2018), which retains organisms ≥ 50 μm. The concentrated sample (~ 1 L), can be used to estimate concentrations from the total volume that was sampled (≥ 1 m 3 ). ...
... In the course of the convention, Resolution 18 for Research into the Effects of Discharge of Ballast Water containing Bacteria of Epidemic Diseases was approved, which charged the IMO with the responsibility for elaborating measures of ballast water (BW) control (Cohen, 1998). In fact, since 1994, several exotic species have been identified in many parts of the world (Hallegraeff, 1992; Carlton and Geller, 1993; Gollasch, 2006 ), and studies have identified BW as the vector of exotic species transfer (Ruiz et al., 1997). Therefore, the impact caused by the organisms found in BW, such as Vibrio cholerae (Dobroski et al., 2009; Cohen and Dobbs, 2015 ), can be of great important for marine environment, the economy and human health. ...
... Assessing the other size classes for compliance testing poses several challenges. First, organisms C50 lm require relatively large sample volumes to detect very sparse concentrations (e.g., Miller et al. 2011;Frazier et al. 2013), and such large sample volumes, in addition to increasing sampling time, require specialized equipment to collect and concentrate organisms (e.g., Gollasch 2006;Drake et al. 2014;MPA 2015). Culturing bacteria in the\10 lm size class to estimate concentrations requires multiple days-too long for evaluating the ballast water during its discharge. ...
To reduce the transport and delivery of aquatic nuisance species in ships’ ballast water and comply with standards for the number of living organisms that may be discharged, biocidal agents and processes, such as chemical dosing, have been repurposed to treat ballast water. We evaluated whether marine planktonic organisms—the typical targets of these biocides—respond in unison to simulated treatment. Organisms were concentrated from seawater, which was amended with dissolved and particulate matter and cultured microalgae, and then treated by chlorination, ultraviolet radiation, or deoxygenation. Living organisms in three size classes (≥50, ≥10 and <50, and <10 µm [represented by culturable, heterotrophic bacteria]) were counted prior to and periodically after treatment. Regardless of whether the differences in concentrations between the control and treatments were significant or insignificant, in general, organisms across the size classes reacted comparably to treatments, with some exceptions in the <10 µm size class. The parallel responses of organisms to treatment—if shown to generalize to other water conditions, assemblages of organisms, and scales of treatment—may justify using a single size class to predict the responses of organisms across the broad size spectra. Notably, because most ballast water management systems employ a filtration step to remove organisms ≥50 µm, if organisms in the ≥10 and <50 µm size class were assessed to determine a vessel’s compliance with the discharge standard, it would be imperative that any filters would be evaluated to ensure they were functioning properly and removed organisms as designed.
... Uneven distribution and damage of organisms during the sampling procedure may however bias the test results. Particularly challenging is BWM Convention compliance verification for organisms of minimum dimension P50 lm, since less than 10 viable organisms of that size per cubic meter are acceptable by BWM Convention (Gollasch, 2006;Gollasch et al., 2007). Therefore, intensive and extensive sampling is needed to ensure that violations of BWM Convention for discharges are detected by direct ballast water measurements (King and Tamburri, 2010). ...
... This study was an experimental survey and not a real experience of ballast water monitoring. For the robust risk assessment, a bigger sampling effort, targeting different areas of the tanks and including sediments is recommended (Gollasch, 2006). The results of a survey (counts of living biota) might also be affected by the uneven distribution of organisms within ballast tanks, sampling induced damage and mortality (particularly when pumping the water through the sounding pipe) or organism loss during the sample concentration (Gollasch et al., 2007). ...
... c Wood et al. (2014). d Gollasch (2006). e Kelly et al. (2014). ...
... In the course of the convention, Resolution 18 for Research into the Effects of Discharge of Ballast Water containing Bacteria of Epidemic Diseases was approved, which charged IMO with the responsibility of elaborating measures of ballast water (BW) control (Cohen, 1998). Several exotic species were identified in many parts of the world (Carlton and Geller, 1993;Hallegraeff, 1992;Gollasch, 2006). Studies identified ballast water as the vector of exotic species transfer ( Ruiz et al., 1997;Miller et al., 2007). ...
... For example, an almost linear correlation can be verified between salinity and electric conductivity or con- centration of dissolved total solids. Based on this visualization, we highlighted the comparative analysis of salinity, temperature, E. coli and faecal coliforms for being important variables for risk analysis of transference of exotic species (Gollasch, 2006). ...
... Наибольшую трудность при выполнении данного правила конвенции представляет оценка обилия организмов размером 50 мкм или более. Немецкими исследователями предложено устройство для отбора проб воды из балластных танков, соответствующее правилам конвенции (Gollasch, 2006;Gollasch, David, 2006). ...
На основании собственных и литературных данных проведено исследование морских биоинвазий в дальневосточных морях России. В наибольшей степени подвержен биоинвазиям оказался зал. Петра Великого, находящийся на границе бореальной и субтропической зон. Основные источники и пути проникновения чужеродных видов в зал. Петра Великого-обрастание корпусов судов и судовые балластные воды. Серьезных экологических катастроф, вызванных морскими биоинвазиями, как это произошло в европейских морях России, в дальневосточных морях до настоящего времени не зарегистрировано. Большинство из отмеченных нами 66 видов-вселенцев находятся на ранних стадиях акклиматизации. Более половины видов из этого списка обнаружены в Дальневосточном морском биосферном заповеднике ДВО РАН. Нами предложена шкала, позволяющая определять вероятность статуса видов как чужеродных. Из 445 видов гидробионтов, обнаруженных нами в балластных водах, лишь 39 ранее не отмечались в зал. Петра Великого. Даже незначительно изменение климата, в частности-повышение температуры воды, может привести к непредсказуемым последствиям. Азиатский северо-тихоокеанской регион в настоящее время является больше донором видов, которые расселяются в другие регионы Мирового океана, чем реципиентом видов-вселенцев. Морские био-инвазии в дальневосточных морях России находятся на начальной стадии и число видов-вселенцев в этом регионе не превышает 3% от общего числа видов. Исследования, проведенные Институтом биологии моря им. А.В. Жирмунского ДВО РАН, в определенной мере могли послужить научно-практической основой для законопроектной деятельности в сфере морского и речного транспорта.
... For this technique, a known quantity of ballast water is filtered through a net to capture .50 lm organisms (Gollasch 2006), and the organisms are then rinsed from the net and resuspended in 1 L of water. 5) For convenience, we sometimes report total organism counts and sample volumes rather than concentration . ...
Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships is one of the primary vectors of nonindigenous species in marine environments. To mitigate this environmental and economic threat, international, national, and state entities are establishing regulations to limit the concentration of living organisms that may be discharged from the ballast tanks of ships. The proposed discharge standards have ranged from zero detectable organisms to < 10 organisms/ m3. If standard sampling methods are used, verifying whether ballast discharge complies with these stringent standards will be challenging due to the inherent stochasticity of sampling. Furthermore, at low concentrations, very large volumes of water must be sampled to find enough organisms to accurately estimate concentration. Despite these challenges, adequate sampling protocols comprise a critical aspect of establishing standards because they help define the actual risk level associated with a standard. A standard that appears very stringent may be effectively lax if it is paired with an inadequate sampling protocol. We describe some of the statistical issues associated with sampling at low concentrations to help regulators understand the uncertainties of sampling as well as to inform the development of sampling protocols that ensure discharge standards are adequately implemented.
... Onboard tests have proven that this sampling kit efficiently sampled in maximum more than 2500 l of water in less than 30 min. The integrated flowmeter adds to the accuracy (Gollasch, 2006). The accuracy of the sampling technique must be determined; inefficient sampling techniques may result in false positives as a result of missing organisms. ...
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations body which administers the international regulatory regime for shipping, noted the negative impact of non-indigenous organisms transported in the ballast water of ships already in the early 1970s. Consequently, measures were taken with the aim to minimize ballast water mediated species invasions through IMO Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) Resolutions. As a result of long-term IMO efforts, it was determined that an international convention would best meet the needs of the global community, hence the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted in a Diplomatic Conference in 2004 and is now open for signature by IMO Member States. This very complex (and by no means “simple”) Convention aims to reduce the transfer and subsequent impact of aquatic organisms in the ballast water and sediment of ships by acting to reduce the load of these organisms in discharged ballast water. A set of 15 guidelines provides technical guidance for the implementation of the Convention principles. This review considers critical aspects of this Convention and selected guidelines seen from perspectives of biological, shipping and regulatory concerns.