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Scheme of measurements of the sclerotized structures of the haptor and male copulatory organ (MCO) of Urocleidoides spp.: (1) anchor: (a) base, (b) total length; (2) ventral bar: (a) length, (b) medial projection; (3) dorsal bar: (a) length.
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Three new species of Urocleidoides Mizelle & Price, 1964 are described from the gills of characiform fishes in the Tocantins River and its tributaries. Urocleidoides boulengerellae sp. nov. is described from Boulengerella cuvieri (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) and differs from all its congeners by the dorsal bar with a long posteromedial projection; male c...
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... with medial portion enlarged, with distal groove supporting MCO, 21-38 (28; n = 10) long (Figs 12, 33). Vagina ventral, funnel-shaped, consisting of a sclerotized tube, opening dorsally (Fig. 14). Vaginal sclerite composed of a long rod, longitudinally grooved, distal extremity hooked and subterminal short projection, 18-32 (23; n = 13) long (Fig. 13). Eggs, Mehlis' glands and ootype not observed. Vitellaria distributed throughout the body, absent in the region of reproductive ...
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Citations
... The generic diagnosis is based on the male copulatory organ, with one or more rings and the presence of a sinistral vaginal sclerite, unmodified anchors, and similar hooks with dilated shanks, and hook pairs 1, 5, usually reduced in size [20]. Currently, the number of valid species of Urocleidoides (sensu Santos-Neto and Domingues [21]) has increased to 52 [6,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. ...
... The aforementioned studies have used classical morphometrics, based on linear measurements, to discriminate among populations of organisms and members of Urocleidoides [23][24][25]. However, in some parasite collections, there are few available specimens, resulting in descriptions based on morphometric and drawings of a small number of specimens. ...
... Members of Urocleidoides are reported from hosts of different fish orders (Characiformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Gymnotiformes and Siluriformes) (Mendoza-Franco et al., 2007;Mendoza-Franco & Reina, 2008;Rosim et al., 2011;Moreira et al., 2015;Mendoza-Franco et al., 2015;Ferreira et al., 2018;Zago et al., 2020;Oliveira et al., 2020;Oliveira et al., 2021;Freitas et al., 2021, Santos-Neto & Domingues, 2023. Moreira et al. (2015) found that Urocleidoides parasites that infect erythrinid fish are specific to the species of fish they infect, which was corroborated by Santos-Neto & Domingues (2023) in their work based on molecular data (28S rDNA). ...
Two new species of Urocleidoides are described from the gills of Pseudanos trimaculatus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Urocleidoides itabocaensisn. sp. is characterized by having a sclerotized, tubular, sigmoid male copulatory organ (MCO), a circular sclerotized tandem brim associated with the base of the MCO; an accessory piece articulated with the MCO, a V-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit spoon-shaped; and a vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal. Urocleidoides omphalocleithrumn. sp. is characterized by presenting a C-shaped or sigmoid MCO; an accessory piece articulated with the MCO, L-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit gutter-shaped; a vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal; and a ventral bar broadly V-shaped, with anteromedial projection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA genes indicate that U. itabocaensisn. sp. and U. omphalocleithrumn. sp. are closely related and appear as a sister group to other Urocleidoides species (U. paradoxus, U. digitabulum and U. sinus) parasitizing anostomid fishes. This study represents the first record of monogenoids from the gills of P. trimaculatus for the Eastern Amazon.
... In a prior study, Aguiar et al. (2017) recorded Demidospermus pinirampi (Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1987) Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1998 parasitizing this host in the Tocantins River. The knowledge of helminth fauna of fishes inhabiting the Tocantins River has been intensifying in recent years, with descriptions of new taxa and records for previously known parasites associated with different host species (see Cohen et al., 2020;Freitas et al., 2021;Cárdenas et al., 2021;Bezerra et al., 2023). In this context, this survey provides new data on parasite diversity from this region. ...
A new and two previously described species of Ameloblastella Kritsky, Mendoza-Franco & Scholz, 2000 were found in the gills of two pimelodid catfishes from the Tocantins River, Maranhão State, Brazil: Ameloblastella prima n. sp. from Pimelodina flavipinnis Steindachner, and A. edentensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016 and A. peruensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016 from Hypophthalmus marginatus Valenciennes. The new species differs from its congeners by having an accessory piece tubular, covered by a delicate membranous cap at 2/3 of the length, by the shape of the ventral and dorsal anchors, in which the ventral anchor is represented by a curved shaft in a position of 80° degrees, with delicate ornamentations located at the superficial and deep root areas, and the dorsal anchor with a long, well-developed and convex superficial root and short deep root, also presenting delicate ornamentations at the superficial and deep root areas. The present study provides new biogeographical data on the two previously described species of Ameloblastella and improves the knowledge on the species of Monogenoidea from the Neotropical Region, increasing to 14 the number of known species of Ameloblastella for this region.
... Several studies have demonstrated parasitism by monogenoids in Curimatidae fish in the Neotropics (Table 1). However, research involving the helminth fauna of P. amazonica is still incipient, with only two monogenoids described for this host so far (Freitas et al. 2021). Other studies regarding this fish species refer to larval development, the distribution of larvae in a natural breeding area, hematological parameters, and branchial histopathological alterations (Nascimento and Araújo-Lima 1993;Carvalho et al. 2009;Ponte et al. 2017;Bezerra et al. 2020;Pereira et al. 2020). ...
... The finding of three species of the genus in P. amazonica confirms the high specificity of the genus to neotropical curimatid hosts. On the other side, Psectrogaster amazonica harbors five monogenoidean species, two from a generalist monogenoidean genus, Urocleidoides (parasites from three different fish orders) (Freitas et al. 2021) and three from the specialist genus Curvianchoratus. ...
... Rossim & Timi, 2016 C. nagelii Brazil Vieira et al. (2013), Abdallah et al. (2015), Dias et al. (2017) Cyphocharax modestus Abdallah et al. (2015), Dias et al. (2017)C. gilbertiFreitas et al. (2021) ...
Several studies have demonstrated parasitism by monogenoids in characiform fish in the Neotropics. During studies on the helminth fauna of curimatids from the Tocantins River, specimens of Psectrogaster amazonica Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 were examined and species of Curvianchoratus Hanek, Molnar & Fernando, 1974 were found. Species of the genus are characterized mainly by the complex shape of haptoral anchors with a modified dorsal anchor, composed by two subunits, dorsal-median and dorsal. To date, two species of Curvianchoratus are known to parasitize curimatid fishes: the type species Curvianchoratus hexacleidus Hanek, Molnar & Fernando, 1974 and Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980). During examination of specimens of P. amazonica collected in the Tocantins River, Embiral, Imperatriz, Maranhão State, Brazil, two new species of Curvianchoratus were found and are described herein. Curvianchoratus psectrogasteri sp. nov. and Curvianchoratus dominguesi sp. nov. are characterized by possessing the male copulatory organ formed by a long cirrus and a claw-shaped accessory piece, connected to the base of the male copulatory organ by a ligament. The new species differs from the two known congeneric species mainly by the morphology of the dorsal-median and dorsal subunits of the dorsal anchor. Curvianchoratus psectrogasteri sp. nov. also differs from other species of the genus by the absence of the ventral bar and Curvianchoratus dominguesi sp. nov. by the size and shape of the ventral bar. An amendment to the diagnosis of Curvianchoratus is provided to accommodate the new species. The present study increases the number of Curvianchoratus species to four and extends the occurrence of the genus to the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin.
... Urocleidoides xinguensis Moreira, Scholz & Luque, 2015 presents vagina sclerite resembling a sickle in shape and forked at the distal end, but differs from the new species by the morphology of the ventral/dorsal anchors, dorsal bar lacking medial projection, hooks of same size, MCO with 2½ counterclockwise rings, and accessory piece long, grooved and distally bent (Moreira et al. 2015). Urocleidoides tocantinensis Freitas, Bezerra, Meneses, Justo, Viana, Cohen, 2021 also presents vagina sclerite forked, but differs from the new species by the morphology of the ventral/dorsal anchors and bars, accessory piece, and MCO as a straight tube (Freitas et al. 2021 , also present MCO as a thin delicate coiled tube with four or more counterclockwise rings (~5, 4 ½, 5 ½, 4 to 5, respectively) and a broad base with sclerotized ornamentation. However, the male copulatory complex of new species can be differentiated from the above-mentioned species [see Mendoza-Franco & Reina (2008); Mendoza-Franco et al. (2007;, for details] by its unique shape of the accessory piece (bulb-shaped). ...
... Urocleidoides triangulus (Suriano, 1981), Urocleidoides aimairai Moreira, Scholz &Luque, 2015, andUrocleidoides paratriangulus Freitas, Bezerra, Meneses, Justo, Viana, Cohen, 2021, also present ventral and dorsal anchors with robust base and short shaft, but differ in their shape from the new species; the morphology of the bars, hooks, and male copulatory complex are also different in the new species. The MCO of Urocleidoides triangulus presents 2½ -3 counter-clockwise rings and accessory piece comprising 2 subunits, one internal piece fork-shaped and another external piece curved (Rossim & Timi, 2016); U. aimairai presents MCO with 1½ counterclockwise and accessory piece as a single unit sigmoid in shape (Moreira et al. 2015); and U. paratriangulus presents MCO of about two counterclockwise rings and single unit accessory piece as a shaft (Freitas et al. 2021). Urocleioides parodoni n. sp. is the fourth species of the genus described from a parodontid host. ...
... The number of valid Urocleidoides species has recently increased to 37 after the studies of Mendoza-Franco et al. (2015), Moreira et al. (2015), Rossin & Timi (2016), Ferreira et al. (2018), Oliveira et al. (2020), Zago et al. (2020), andFreitas et al. (2021). Studies reassessing some of the Urocleidoides incerta sedis species (sensu , have resulted in their new combinations, whether by being reallocated to already know genera or having new genera proposals, namely: Palombitrema heteroancistrium (Price & Bussing, 1968) by Suriano (1995); Ameloblastella chavarriai (Price, 1938), Ameloblastella mamaevi (Kristky & Thatcher, 1976), Aphanoblastella travassosi (Price, 1938), and Aphanoblastella robustus (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) by Kritsky et al. (2000); Diaphorocleidus affinis (Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968), Diaphorocleidus kabatai (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974), and Diaphorocleidus microstomus (Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968) by Jogunoori et al. (2004); Demidospermus lebedevi (Kritsky & Thatcher, 1976) by Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz (2011); Philocorydoras corydori (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) and Philocorydori margolisi (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) by ; Characithecium costaricensis (Price & Bussing, 1967) by Mendoza-Franco et al. (2009); and Nanayella megorchis (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) by Acosta et al. (2019). ...
Urocleidoides spp. are reported from the gills of 20 specimens of Parodon nasus (standard length 8.5-12 cm), from the Indiana stream, Tietê River, Upper Paraná River basin, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Urocleoidoides tenuis and two new species were found. Urocleidoides indianensis n. sp. differs from its congeners mainly by the morphology of the vaginal sclerite that is robust, sickle-shaped, and forked at the distal end; and by the bulbous-shaped accessory piece of the male copulatory complex. Urocleidoides parodoni n. sp. resembles U. tenuis by presenting male copulatory organ with approximately 7 ½ counterclockwise rings, but differs by the morphology of the accessory piece (lobate with a small hook-like projection versus pincer-shaped), vaginal sclerite (thumb-like subterminal projection vs. presence of a distal hook), vaginal tube (conspicuously sclerotized vs. slightly sclerotized), shape of the ventral bar (bowed vs. wide V-shaped), ventral and dorsal anchors (robust base and short shaft vs. considerably less robust base and long shaft), and hooks (slender shank with a weakly sclerotized subunit at base vs. dilated shank). Sequences of the partial 28S rDNA gene of the dactylogyrids found in this study are provided. Phylogenetic analyses showed Urocledoides spp. from Parodontidae clustering together with strong support values. This study increases the number of valid Urocleidoides species to 39, and the number of species described from parodontid hosts to four.
The present study describes two new species of monopisthocotylans parasitizing the gills of Cyphocharax modestus (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from two localities of the Upper Paraná River basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Urocleidoides saghirus n. sp. and Urocleidoides taquariensis n. sp. differ from other congeners mainly in the morphology of the accessory piece: comprising two subunits (one scythe-shaped subunit, and one adjacent piece with a narrow base broadening towards the upper end, which is axe-shaped) in Urocleidoides saghirus n. sp., and a straight rod with a bifurcated proximal portion, a distal portion ending in a point, and two curved handles arising from the medial portion and uniting close to the distal portion in Urocleidoides taquariensis n. sp. The phylogenetic analyses revealed Urocleidoides to be non-monophyletic, indicating the need for a taxonomic review. This study provides the first molecular sequences for Urocleidoides spp. parasitizing Curimatidae, including the newly described species. These findings revealed distinct clades and suggested possible host specificity, underscoring the importance of additional research to better understand the phylogenetic relationships within the genus.
The present study aimed to inventory the parasitic fauna of Leporinus piau from the Lima Campos weir, Salgado River basin, municipality of Icó, Ceará, Brazil. A total of 35 host specimens were collected, whereas all were parasitized by at least two metazoan taxa. A total of 2,910 parasite specimens belonging to five taxonomic groups were identified such as: Myxozoa (Henneguya sp. 1 and Henneguya sp. 2), Monogenea (Jainus beccus, Jainus radixelongatus, Tereancistrum flabellum, Tereancistrum paranaensis, Tereancistrum parvus, Urocleidoides digitabulum, Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides sp., Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 1, Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 2 and Dactylogyridae gen. sp. 3), Digenea (Diplostomum lunaschiae and Clinostomum sp.), Nematoda (Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus) and Copepoda (Gamispatulus schizodontis). Seventeen parasite taxa were found, with the class Monogenea being the most abundant group. The main site of infestation was the gills, presenting 14 taxa, including myxozoans, monogeneans and digeneans. This study highlights seven new parasitic associations for the host and 16 for the studied locality, as well as new records of diversity indices for the parasitic taxa found. It was observed that the class Monogenea exhibited a broad diversity of species, contributing to the understanding of the distribution patterns of fish parasites in the Brazilian semiarid region.
Based on an integrative approach, this study describes a new species of Urocleidoides infesting Schizodon nasutus in the Paranapanema River basin, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by specific morphological features, including the shape of the male copulatory organ and accessory piece, the ventral bar shape, and the shape and size of the hooks. Molecular analyses, particularly of the 28S rDNA gene, suggest a close relationship between the new species and Urocleidoides paradoxus. The phylogenetic and taxonomic arrangement of Urocleidoides is discussed, as the analyses of the 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA resolved the genus as non-monophyletic, with Diaphorocleidus , Rhinoxenus , and Cacatuocotyle nested within it. Additional morphological and molecular data of other congeneric species are required to investigate the phylogenetic position and classification of Urocleidoides. This study underscores the significance of using integrative approaches in understanding host–parasite associations and phylogenetic relationships, contributing to the description of the freshwater fish parasite biodiversity in South America, particularly in the Paranapanema river basin.
Two new species of Urocleidoides are described from the gills of Pseudanos trimaculatus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Urocleidoides itabocaensis n. sp. is characterized by having a sclerotized, tubular, sigmoid male copulatory organ (MCO), a circular sclerotized tandem brim associated with the base of the MCO; an accessory piece articulated with the MCO, V-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit spoon-shaped; and a vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal . Urocleidoides omphalocleithrum n. sp. is characterized by presenting a C-shaped or sigmoid MCO; accessory piece articulated with the MCO, L-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit gutter-shaped vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal; and ventral bar broadly V-shaped, with anteromedial projection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA genes indicate that U. itabocaensis n. sp. and U. omphalocleithrum n. sp. are closely related and appear as a sister group to the other species ( U. paradoxus , U. digitabulum and U. sinus ) that parasitizing anostomid fishes. This study represents the first record of monogenoids from the gills of P. trimaculatus for the Eastern Amazon.
Eight species (four new) of Urocleidoides are reported from Characiformes and Gymnotiformes fishes of the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon. Urocleidoides vanini n. sp. is characterized by having a male copulatory organ (MCO) with three and a half counterclockwise rings, absence of vaginal sclerite, and a V-shaped ventral bar. Urocleidoides atilaiamarinoi n. sp. has MCO with two and a half counterclockwise rings, dumbbell-shaped accessory piece, similar anchors, open V-shaped ventral bar, and open U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides macrosoma n. sp. exhibits an elongate and robust body, MCO comprising one counterclockwise ring, similar anchors with wavy point, and dumbbell-shaped ventral and dorsal bars. Urocleidoides nataliapasternakae n. sp. has MCO comprising two and a half counterclockwise rings, vaginal canal convoluted, point of the dorsal anchor with ornamentation as sclerotized shredded filaments, elongate dumbbell-shaped ventral bar, and U-shaped dorsal bar. Urocleidoides naris and Urocleidoides brasiliensis from H. malabaricus (Characiformes) and the incertae sedis species, Urocleidoides gymnotus and Urocleidoides carapus, from Sternopygus macrurus (Gymnotiformes) are reported, and their molecular sequences are presented in this study. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data (28S rDNA and COI mtDNA) reveal that species of Urocleidoides lacking vaginal sclerite are closely related to species that possess vaginal sclerite, suggesting that the absence of vaginal sclerite in Urocleidoides may be the result of a secondary loss. The relationships between species of Urocleidoides and other Neotropical dactylogyrids are also addressed.
