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Figure . The Latin finite tense system.
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This paper introduces the framework for a new project on the categories of tense, aspect and Aktionsart in Latin. In the first section, the relevant concepts are defined in terms of general linguistics. The second section provides an overview of the existing theories regarding the verb system and the categories of tense and aspect in Latin. Their s...
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... Latin system can be seen as being organized in terms of three subsequent choices, on the basis of recent trends in the study of the origins of Latin verb morphology (Pohl ; Rix ; Meiser , ; de Melo ; Haug ). Figure gives a visual overview. Relevant at this point is Rix's () convincing -though not widely acceptedtheory: he states that the perfectum stem tenses of both the indicative and subjunctive were originally marked by a periphrastic combination of the PIE active or passive perfect participle with the appropriate verb tense of esse. ...Citations
... 35 In that sense, the data in Table 6 seem to support the hypothesis that INGRESSIVITY was originally an archaic function of perfectum stem tenses that was revived in later texts: in the earliest texts (BCE 240-90), all fronted target observations did not occur with ingressive meaning and the only two attestations of ingressives (out of 24) did not display predicate fronting, in line with the idea that INGRESSIVITY was a less marked meaning then compared to later times, when ingressives occurred in fronted position about 30 % of the time. However, due to the potential influence of metric considerations on this correlation, Table 7 was added with the same information but 33 For a theoretical distinction between absolute, relative and absolute-relative tense, see Comrie (1985); for a critical application to Latin, see Aerts (2018). 34 Note that aspectual meanings such as INGRESSIVITY and RESULTATIVITY are to be set apart from the distinction between perfectivity and imperfectivity, which is often considered to be relevantif at allonly for the indicative mood in narrative discourse (see Aerts 2021b: 177;Pinkster 1983: 277). ...
After the merger of the perfect and aorist stems, the resulting perfectum stem in Latin kept its less central functions such as resultativity and ingressivity as marked aspectual meanings in its semantic potential. Occurring first in literary and especially poetic text, as a dormant, archaic function, its use was revived in the 4th century due to intensifying exchanges with New Testament Greek, where the ingressive aorist was still more productive. The current paper examines, on the basis of a representative sample selected from all relevant time periods and various text types, perfectum stem forms of a substantial number of stative verbs in a close-reading process, in order to ascertain more accurately the dynamics of the diachrony of Latin ingressivity. The occurrence rate of this form-function pairing is compared to significant alternations of a number of contextual factors, such as discourse type, mood, predicate fronting and the dynamics in the system of lexical ingressivity.
Substantial research has drawn upon the notion of interpersonal metafunction proposed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to approach the interpersonal meanings construed in different contexts. However, there is a lack of review on the recent research of this domain. The objective of this paper is to survey the patterns and trends of literature on interpersonal metafunction in SFL tradition and guide future research. This paper reviews 160 studies published from 2012 to 2022. Four themes emerge from the review: theoretical explorations, multilingual studies, discourse analysis, and language education. These contributions shed light on the applicability and flexibility of SFL as a theoretical tool across a wide range of genres and languages. The four streams of research are guided by the fundamental concepts of SFL and interrelated by the concept of context and the tenet of language as social semiotic. Future directions lie in theoretical model refinement, methodological developments, typological descriptions of interpersonal grammar, and the extension of application areas.
