Figure - uploaded by Alexis Rojas
Content may be subject to copyright.
Figure. S3. Lower-level modules in the configuration of the multilayer network of the Phanerozoic benthic marine faunas.
Source publication
Sepkoski's hypothesis of Three Great Evolutionary Faunas that dominated Phanerozoic oceans represents a foundational concept of macroevolutionary research. However, the hypothesis lacks spatial information and fails to recognize ecosystem changes in Mesozoic oceans. Using a multilayer network representation of fossil occurrences, we demonstrate tha...
Similar publications
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biotic crisis in Earth’s history. In its direct aftermath, microbial communities were abundant on shallow-marine shelves around the Tethys. They colonized the space left vacant after the dramatic decline of skeletal metazoans. The presence of sponges and sponge microbial bioherms has largely gone...
Biodegradable nanomaterials can significantly improve the safety profile of nanomedicine. Germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs) with a safe biodegradation pathway are developed as efficient photothermal converters for biomedical applications. Ge NPs synthesized by femtosecond‐laser ablation in liquids rapidly dissolve in physiological‐like environment t...
U vindt een samenvatting aan het eind van de tekst. Workspace of Melanie at the VU at the onset of her project, when Sibelco closed the quarry for outsiders for a year, assessing the samples collected by Dennis and Jarmo. Abstract | The Winterswijkse Steen-groeve quarry complex in the east of the Netherlands exposes a ~ 40 m thick sedimentary seque...
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic and was followed by a several million-year delay in benthic ecosystem recovery. While much work has been done to understand biotic recovery in both the body and trace fossil records of the Early Triassic, almost no focus has previously been given to analyzi...
Patterns of extinction risk can vary across taxa, with species of some groups being particularly vulnerable to extinction. Rails (Aves: Rallidae) represent one of the most extreme yet well-documented cases of mass extinction within a modern vertebrate group. Between 54 and 92% of rail species became extinct following waves of human contact during b...
Citations
... Sepkoski resolved the data into three large-scale factors that he called evolutionary faunas, which reflected more than 90% of the total variance: a Cambrian Fauna, a Palaeozoic Fauna (Ordovician to Permian) and a Modern Fauna (Triassic to Quaternary). Although the model was the subject of some criticism (reviewed by Alroy, 2004) the results seem to reflect a real pattern within the Phanerozoic marine fossil record (Stigall, 2017;Brayard et al., 2017;Colmenar & Rasmussen, 2018;Rojas et al., 2019Rojas et al., , 2021. ...
The overarching trajectory of Palaeozoic vegetation history can be interpreted as the sequential replacement of the Eotracheophytic, Eophytic, Palaeophytic and Mesophytic evolutionary floras. Each evolutionary flora was characterised by a group of co–existing supra–generic plant taxa (families and orders) that formed relatively coherent communities in time and space. In most cases, the transition between floras was relatively brief and usually reflected the appearance of evolutionary adaptations (e.g., seeds, robust steles) that favoured the plants of the new flora. The main exception was the diachronous appearance of the Mesophytic Flora during the late Carboniferous and Permian, apparently the result of the invasion by upland or extra–basinal vegetation pre–adapted to the drier substrates that were developing then in the lowlands. The mass extinctions that had such a major effect on Sepkoski’s evolutionary faunas had little effect on the dynamics of the evolutionary floras.
... Although factor analysis is conceptually more complex than most other ordination methods, the combination of factor rotation and identifying the variance unique to each factor has proved particularly effective in revealing large-scale floristic and faunal patterns in time and spaceemphasising the associations of taxa whose mutual correlations support the floras/faunas, whilst reducing the influence of the other groups of taxa. Using this method, Sepkoski (1981) identified three large-scale Evolutionary Faunas among marine invertebrates, which was subsequently modified by Rojas et al. (2019) into a four-factor model by incorporating spatial data. Cleal and Cascales-Miñana (2014) used the same approach on a global dataset of plant family distribution (modified from Benton, 1993, andAnderson et al., 2007) and extracted five Evolutionary Floras, which were named the Eotracheophytic (formerly Rhyniophytic), Eophytic, Palaeophytic, Mesophytic and Cenophytic (the last three being related to concepts originally introduced by Gothan, 1912). ...
Determining the diversity of past floras helps with interpreting both the history and predicting the future of vegetation change. For global-scale and regional-scale diversity studies especially, secondary data are often used but local-scale studies tend to be based on survey data that require rigorous sampling. The correct sampling strategies depend on the types of fossils being investigated, including their physical size, and whether the aim is to determine taxonomic richness or relative abundance. Describing and comparing diversities can use a range of different metrics, depending on whether binary presence/absence or abundance data are available. Each metric provides a different insight into the diversities and the choice of which to use depends on the research question being investigated. Various numerical approaches are available for identifying spatial and stratigraphical diversity patterns, mainly classificatory techniques (e.g., cluster and parsimony analyses) and ordination (e.g., Detrended Correspondence Analysis, Nonmetric Dimensional Scaling). The choice of technique again depends on the research question, but often it has proved useful to run both types of analysis in tandem. This article is illustrated by past biodiversity case studies from throughout the fossil record, dealing with floras ranging in age from the Devonian to the last few centuries.
