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Figure A9. Tool 1: Tracking and reporting dashboard.

Figure A9. Tool 1: Tracking and reporting dashboard.

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Work is part of our wellbeing and a key driver of a person’s health. Pilots need to be fit for duty and aware of risks that compromise their health/wellbeing. Recent studies suggest that work-related stress (WRS) impacts on pilot health and wellbeing, performance, and flight safety. This paper reports on the advancement of new tools for pilots and...

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... This negative picture had a deleterious impact on the sense of purpose and economic safety of the pilots (Cahill et al. 2020a). Moreover, the existing restrictions on social distancing, coupled with the present work vicissitudes, are affecting the main key pointsbiological, psychological, and social (based on the WHO "BioPsychoSocial model of Health and Wellbeing") -of pilots' health (Cahill et al. 2020a). ...
... This negative picture had a deleterious impact on the sense of purpose and economic safety of the pilots (Cahill et al. 2020a). Moreover, the existing restrictions on social distancing, coupled with the present work vicissitudes, are affecting the main key pointsbiological, psychological, and social (based on the WHO "BioPsychoSocial model of Health and Wellbeing") -of pilots' health (Cahill et al. 2020a). ...
... Notably, the Flight Safety Foundation (available at https://flightsafety.org/) developed a guide, based on the above-mentioned "BioPsychoSocial model of Health and Wellbeing", to promote and optimize wellbeing management and resilience for the specialists of the aviation industry during the COVID-19 pandemic and also after (Cahill et al. 2020a). Particularly, selfmanagement practices are advocated that cover six "core" (primary) behaviors, namely: activities, physical exercise, diet, sleep, stress management, and social relationships (Cahill et al. 2020b). ...
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During 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread worldwide and caused over 59,000,000 confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mild-to-severe respiratory disease that generated a globally unexpected increase in hospitalizations and intensive care unit admissions. COVID-19 – declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization – is substantially affecting the aviation transportation system worldwide. In an effort to mitigate the pandemic, nearly all countries adopted preventive and containment measures – including lockdown or restriction to movements – to decrease human-to-human transmission. As a consequence of travel restrictions, a considerable drop in air passenger demand occurred, although in-flight transmission SARS-CoV-2 cases have been limited to date. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic generated occupational health issues on aviation personnel. Given the magnitude of the disruptions, the role of governmental authorities and legislators is crucial to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, attention should be given to protect both aircrew members’ and passengers’ health and safety, while minimizing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry and to highlight the need of critically improving pre-flight diagnostic tests execution to protect the health of aircrew members and ensure airline passengers’ safety. Optimizing communications, before and during the flight, to keep aircrew members and passengers properly informed on all travel requirements will be also crucial.
... They aim to promote ventures that successfully tackle marketplace challenges based on a unique value proposition. They navigate step by step into value creation, sustaining it until success milestones are achieved while minimizing residual risks [6]. ...
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Corporate Innovation Hubs (CIHs) have emerged as vital mechanisms for fostering intrapreneurship and developing new ventures within large, established organizations. This paper explores the role and significance of CIHs in enabling corporate entrepreneurship by creating internal ecosystems that emulate the flexibility and dynamism of startups. By examining the evolution of intrapreneurship, the functions of CIHs, and the challenges and benefits of integrating these hubs within corporate structures, the study highlights best practices for successfully managing innovation hubs. Additionally, case studies, including Bayer's G4A program, provide real-world insights into how CIHs contribute to sustained innovation, competitive advantage, and economic growth. The findings underscore the importance of strategic alignment, organizational culture, and leadership in ensuring the success of CIHs in driving corporate innovation.
... The psychobiosocial model, also known as the biopsychosocial modelmost famously proposed by Engel (1977) as a holistic and/ or multidisciplinary approach to understanding health, illness, and performance considers the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors: Two other authors who laid the foundation for Engel's framework and expanded its scope were Jakob von Uexküll (1920) who developed the concept of biosemiotics: the study of signs and communication in living systems through applying systems theory and constructivism to medicine, emphasizing the role of meaning and interpretation in health and disease and more recently Cahill et al. (2020) who applied the psychobiosocial model more broadly to the field of aviation, specifically exploring the sources and effects of work-related stress and wellbeing on pilots and other aviation workers. ...
Thesis
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Fatigue is a major safety concern in aviation, as it can lead to decreased cognitive performance, psychomotor skills, and decision-making. This study examined the association between psychobiosocial factors and fatigue and their implications on performance in aviation. A thorough literature search yielded 122 pertinent studies. The studies were analyzed to identify the following psychobiosocial factors that influenced fatigue and/or aviator performance: depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, sleep, exercise & activity, circadian rhythm, health status, drugs, hormones, neurophysiology, nutrition, biological sex, genes, homeostasis, age, organizational frame, therapy, social spheres, cultural background, gender, socioeconomic status, daylight, altitude, characteristics of surroundings, climate, radiation, and vibration. The study underscores the prevalence of fatigue and performance across all aviation cohorts, associated with organizational factors, individual health, and lifestyle factors. By identifying gaps in current research and suggesting directions for future studies, through examining the interplay of psychobiosocial factors that contribute to fatigue, it aims to deepen our understanding of how fatigue affects decision-making, situational awareness, and reaction time, ultimately impacting aviation safety. These findings have implications for fatigue management strategies in aviation and other organizational environments relying on human performance. Conclusion: Sleep, circadian rhythm, workload, and alcohol consumption had significant effects on fatigue and performance, while other factors had mixed or unclear effects. The study indicates the future development of an improved multidisciplinary model of fatigue and aviator performance, which takes into account the complex interactions between biological, psychological, social and environmental influencing factors, and individual differnces especially in their mutual interplay.
... Commercial pilots are exposed to various stressful environments. They encounter accident situations unique to their profession, such as takeoff and approach, flight hazards, and adverse weather conditions (Cahill, Cullen, Anwer, et al., 2020;Walmsley & Gilbey, 2016). Additionally, irregular schedules can lead to social isolation and disruptions in family life (Cullen et al., 2021). ...
... In particular, the burden on pilots is increasing as airlines are offering a variety of schedules according to the needs of travelers due to fierce competition in the industry (Cahill, Cullen, Anwer, et al., 2020;. Stress management is an important part for both individual health and quality of life (Kong et al., 2020;Seo et al., 2021). ...
... Akgunduz (2015) investigated sub-factors of job stress, dividing them into ambiguity, conflict, and overload among hotel employees, and confirmed that ambiguity and conflict had a negative impact on job performance. This applies not only to hotels that provide emotional labor but also to commercial pilots responsible for passenger safety (Cahill, Cullen, Anwer, et al., 2020;. Therefore, this study sought to extract sub-factors relevant to commercial pilots and examine the impact relationships of job stress. ...
Article
The commercial pilots responsible for aircraft and passenger safety are exposed to various environmental job stresses. This study investigates the relationship between job stress and the quality of life of commercial pilots, and examines the mediating effects of mindfulness and job satisfaction in the relationship between job stress and quality of life. The results show that the job stress aced by commercial pilots has a negative impact on quality of life, and that mindfulness and job satisfaction partially mediates this stress. However, despite the mediating effects of mindfulness and job satisfaction, there is a need for a way to reduce job stress more directly. These results indicate the need for various strategies, including direct and indirect methods, to reduce job stress among commercial pilots, as this is directly related to safety.
... Therefore, effectively managing fatigue poses considerable challenges in ensuring the safety and efficiency of civil aviation operations. The development and implementation of robust fatigue management strategies are crucial in addressing this issue and promoting the well-being of aviation professionals and the overall safety of the industry [1] . ...
Article
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When we talk about "fatigue" in aviation maintenance, it's a term that is widely used but can have different meanings depending on the situation. In the context of maintenance personnel, "fatigue" can encompass physical tiredness, emotional exhaustion, the decline in skills from performing mentally demanding tasks over along period, chronic fatigue due to insufficient rest, and even the unmet need for sleep. So, it's crucial to consider the specific context of aviation maintenance when discussing fatigue and its implications
... Well-being in aviation (in times of lockdown) Cahill et al. (2020) have conceptualized well-being as a multifactorial construct built upon three pillars: (1) Economic, (2) environmental, and (3) social pillars, based on the cockpit crew. We may extrapolate these results to the cabin crew. ...
... We may extrapolate these results to the cabin crew. These three pillars are at stake more than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic (Cahill et al., 2020). In the present study, we conceptualize well-being as a construct within these three pillars with four key facets: Mental health, organizational dehumanization, medication use, and job insecurity in line with contemporary work psychological theory (Bharti & Pandey, 2012;Schaufeli & Salanova, 2013). ...
... Social Pillar. The third pillar deals with mental well-being to social health, involving cockpit and cabin crew's relationships with their family, friends, and colleagues (Cahill et al., 2020). The challenging work-life balance due to the lockdown and pandemic has changed these relationships (Kossek & Lee, 2017). ...
... CRD series have also been used to evaluate the psychomotor abilities of military pilots [42] and in research regarding workloads and work efficiency over certain periods of time [43,44]. Recent research has included several innovative approaches, such as assessing the sleep patterns of flight attendants during the off-duty period using a photovoice technique [45], studying new tools for use by pilots and the aviation industry to manage risks pertaining to workrelated stress and wellbeing [46], analyzing the workloads of aircraft pilots using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the NASA Task Load Index questionnaire [47], applying multimodal analyses of eye movements and fatigue in a simulated glass cockpit environment [48], studying work type influence on fatigue among air traffic controllers based on datadriven PERCLOS detection [49], identifying pilot fatigue status based on functional nearinfrared spectroscopy [50], examining fatigue among different crew compositions on long-haul flights during the COVID-19 pandemic [51], and examining fatigue, work overload, and sleepiness on a sample of commercial airline pilots [52]. ...
Article
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Conducting flight operations at the pace of air traffic relies on shift work, overtime work, work at night, work in different and numerous time zones, and unbalanced flight crew schedules. Such working hours and workload settings can cause disturbances of the circadian rhythm and sleep disorders among flight crew members; this can result in fatigue and can have an impact on the safety of flight operations. Fatigue impacts many cognitive abilities such as vigilance, memory, spatial orientation, learning, problem solving, and decision making. In aviation, fatigue has been identified as a hazard to the safety of flight operations. This paper describes objectivation methods for data collecting processes regarding flight crew fatigue, using an electronic system of standardized chronometric cognitive tests and subjective self-assessment surveys on the subjective perception of fatigue. The data collected were analyzed using statistical methods to identify and quantify elements that affect the appearance of fatigue. Finally, causal modeling methods were used to determine correlations among the measured flight crew fatigue indicators, the subjective perception of fatigue, and the defined workload settings. The results of this research reveal which elements strongly impact flight crew fatigue. The detected correlations can help define improved measures for the mitigation of fatigue risk in future flight operations.
... Recognizing the importance of mental health, the European Aviation Safety Authority (EASA) has introduced new rules concerning mental health issues in pilots [12]. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on promoting well-being and adopting healthy practices among aviation professionals [13]. ...
... The fourth section included questions based on OLBI [17]. Lastly, participants were asked about their most commonly used coping strategies, which were selected based on an extensive review of existing literature [13,21]. To introduce the online form to the pilots, initial contact was made through phone calls. ...
Article
Background Many physiological, psychological, and environmental stressors can be experienced by pilots throughout their careers, which may affect their mental and psychological health and their performance consequently. Stressing factors of aviation and commercial operations can result in pilots' burnout, which is a description of the response to chronic emotional exhaustion and loss of motivation. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout and compare the effects of different coping strategies on burnout levels among commercial pilots in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2023 Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey utilizing an online form of a validated questionnaire administered to pilots of Saudi commercial airlines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study targeted on-duty Saudi commercial pilots, excluding retired and in-training pilots, with an estimated population of around 2000. A sample size of 311 was determined using an equation considering a 5% margin of error, 95% confidence level, and a 60.3% burnout prevalence rate. Non-probability snowball sampling method was used to achieve sample size. Results A total of 321 pilots were included, mostly Saudis. The participants had a median age of 47, and the majority were married with one to two children. BMI classifications showed high percentages of overweight and obese individuals. The study found that most pilots experienced medium levels of burnout (70.1%). Nationality, marital status, and shorter sleeping duration were significantly associated with higher burnout levels. Common challenges included long duties (79.4%), irregular working hours (72.3%), and time away from home (55.5%). Coping strategies included rest and sleep (81%), exercise (59.2%), and relaxation behaviors (50.5%). Stressors such as long duties, irregular working hours, and work conflicts were significantly associated with higher burnout levels. However, no significant associations were found between coping strategies and burnout levels. Conclusion The study found that most pilots experienced medium levels of burnout. In addition, common challenges included long duties, irregular working hours, and time away from home. The study emphasizes the need to address work-related stressors, implement interventions, and support pilots' mental health. Promoting healthy coping strategies and understanding individual resilience is important. Further research and organizational efforts are required to mitigate burnout and enhance the quality of life for aviation professionals, benefiting both individuals and the industry.
... Other literature review works addressed quality of life, anxiety and depression, among them the review work by Cahill et al., (2020) for research on mental health risks in industry, Rugulies et al., (2017) andHarvey et al., (2017) with the impact of the risk of depressive disorders at work, and Jeung et al., (2018) on burnout and emotional work. No systematic literature review was found that addressed quality of life, anxiety and depression in the industry. ...
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OBJECTIVE: Analyze the academic progress of research on anxiety, depression and quality of life in the industry through a systematic literature review, using the combination of keywords. METHODS: the Methodi Ordinatio method was used to select academic articles published in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and MedLine databases with no time limit. RESULTS: among the 114 studies found on the topic of anxiety, depression and quality of life in the industry, 56% (64 articles) of the research were found in the Scopus database. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of life axis is in evidence in the industrial scenario, within anxiety and depression, there are few reports and studies on anxiety itself, while within the depression topic, more clinical aspects were found.
... In a recent cross-sectional survey, the most prevalent coping strategies for work related stress within pilots were exercise, then sleep and relaxation, followed by diet [47]. Largely, pilots adopt their own coping mechanisms, rather than influence from employers [133]. ...
Article
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Background: Airline pilots experience unique occupational demands that may contribute to adverse physical and psychological health outcomes. Epidemiological reports have shown a substantial prevalence of cardiometabolic health risk factors including excessive body weight, elevated blood pressure, poor lifestyle behaviors, and psychological fatigue. Achieving health guidelines for lifestyle behavior nutrition, physical activity, and sleep are protective factors against the development of noncommunicable diseases and may mitigate the unfavorable occupational demands of airline pilots. This narrative review examines occupational characteristics for sleep, nutrition, and physical activity and outlines evidence-based strategies to inform health behavior interventions to mitigate cardiometabolic health risk factors among airline pilots. Methods: Literature sources published between 1990 and 2022 were identified through electronic searches in PubMed, MEDLINE (via OvidSP), PsychINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, and a review of official reports and documents from regulatory authorities pertaining to aviation medicine and public health was conducted. The literature search strategy comprised key search terms relating to airline pilots, health behaviors, and cardiometabolic health. The inclusion criteria for literature sources were peer-reviewed human studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and reports or documents published by regulatory bodies. Results: The results of the review show occupational factors influencing nutrition, sleep, and physical activity behaviors and delineate evident occupational disruptions to these lifestyle behaviors. Evidence from clinical trials demonstrates the efficacy of nutrition, sleep, and physical activity interventions for enhancing the cardiometabolic health of airline pilots. Conclusion: This narrative review suggests that implementing evidence-based interventions focused on nutrition, physical activity, and sleep could help mitigate cardiometabolic health risk factors among airline pilots, who are particularly susceptible to adverse health outcomes due to unique occupational demands.