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Figure A2: Impact of DFS on Employment (Extensive Margin) by Sector Notes: This figure presents the effect of DFS on employment outcomes, disaggregated by gender and sector (rural/urban), across various employment categories. The y-axis represents the percentage point change in employment outcomes, and the x-axis shows the sector (rural or urban). The blue points indicate the estimated coefficients, while the vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals. All models are estimated using the 2SLS method, where the main explanatory variable is the district-level amount transacted via the digital platform (PhonePe), averaged over 2018 and 2019. Each panel corresponds to a specific employment category: selfemployed, casual employment, and regular wage employment for both men and women.

Figure A2: Impact of DFS on Employment (Extensive Margin) by Sector Notes: This figure presents the effect of DFS on employment outcomes, disaggregated by gender and sector (rural/urban), across various employment categories. The y-axis represents the percentage point change in employment outcomes, and the x-axis shows the sector (rural or urban). The blue points indicate the estimated coefficients, while the vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals. All models are estimated using the 2SLS method, where the main explanatory variable is the district-level amount transacted via the digital platform (PhonePe), averaged over 2018 and 2019. Each panel corresponds to a specific employment category: selfemployed, casual employment, and regular wage employment for both men and women.

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Figure 1: Panel (a): Correlation between the Chest Exposure Index and...
Figure 2: Impact of DFS on Employment Structure: 2SLS Estimates. Notes:...
Figure 3: Impact of DFS on Employment and Self-Employment by Sector:...
Figure 5: Impact of DFS on Enablers of Digital Economy: 2SLS Estimates....
+4 Figure A1: District-level maps of DFS growth. Notes: We show the growth...
Digital Payments and Gendered Labor Reallocation
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  • Oct 2024
This study examines how digital financial services (DFS) drive labor reallocation in India, leveraging nationally representative data and a two-stage least squares approach. For men, DFS facilitates a shift from agricultural self-employment to formal wage employment. For women, it reduces unpaid labor, promoting entry into formal work and increasin...
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