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Suez Canal is a vital navigational passageway linking between east and west. The present study monitored both water quality and macroalgal groups, in five sites (Port Said, Qantara, Ismailia, Fayed and Suez) along Suez Canal, throughout one year. Physico-chemical properties of water exhibited local variations, giving noticeable maximum concentratio...
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... sites, named Port Said, Qantara, Ismailia, Fayed and Suez, were selected as a study area along Suez Canal-Egypt (Fig. 1). The sample collected at each site from three locations with symmetrical separation fixed distances (2 km). Generally, the study area characterized by arid climate and rocks, sand and / or mud substratum. It is exposed to disturbance and pollutant due to increasing the number and activity of ships and containers, beside the ...
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... To follow the effect of these modifications in the Canal and the surrounding cities, many researchers in different domain carried on studies to give information on the biological, physical and chemical characteristics of Suez Canal (Wikipedia, Suez Canal Area Development Project 2014). Mofeed and Deyab (2015) made an effort to present background information on the predominance of macroalgae in the Egyptian Suez Canal at this time and to identify the macroalgal species that are most vulnerable to water-related factors. Additionally, the study purposed to provide details on the composition and abundance of the macroalgae inhabiting the studied area at Suez Canal shoreline, and the parameters that may potentially affect their growth. ...
... The sample was taken at each site from three symmetrically spaced fixed distances (2 km). The study area was subjected to disturbance and pollutant due to augmenting the number and activity of vessels and containers, beside the agricultural, sewage water and industrial effluent, particularly the petroleum pollutants in the Canal (Mofeed and Deyab 2015). ...
... In order to elucidate the relations between the macroalgae species and physicochemical parameters within sites, Mofeed and Deyab (2015) performed multivariate analysis of Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) Ordinations. By using CCA, a significant relation was observed between Ulva clathrata, Ulva lactuca and Valonia ventricosa with many water parameters (dissolved organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, total hardiness, ortho-Phosphate, total phosphorus, total dissolved solid, potassium, sodium and chloride). ...
Chapter 1:
The Mediterranean Sea:
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most highly valued seas in the world. The region comprises a vast set of coastal and marine ecosystems that provide a variety of different services that are crucial for human well-being. Since the mid-twentieth century, water pollution became a serious problem due to increasing of industrialisation, coastal population, and tourism along several Mediterranean coastal areas. Pollution in the Mediterranean tends to persists near its source of discharge due to relatively weak tidal and current movements. Likewise, the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal areas suffer from degradation of water quality, and many hot spot areas are designated there, which had drastic effects on seaweeds biodiversity and other marine organisms. This chapter attempts to track changes that happened in the seaweeds community over more than 60 years along the coast of the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea.
Chapter 1:
Red Sea:
Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are a group of photosynthesizing organ-isms that are attached to the rock or another hard substrate in coastal areas. Ecologically, many species provide protective habitats for a wide range of flora and fauna preserve the coastal community and act as the primary producers and carbon sinks. The distribution and abundance of seaweeds are governed at a global scale by their sensitivity and ability to tolerate different natural ecological conditions. The Red Sea is a diverse and rich ecosystem, the rich diversity is in part due to the 2000 km of coral reef extending from the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba in the north to Bab El-Mandab and Gulf of Aden in the south. It provides habitats for a wide range of marine species and it received its algae from nearby African and Arabian coasts mainly occupied by members of the widespread tropical Indo-Pacific marine flora. There are more efforts on seaweed biodiversity studies in the Red Sea are required, including topics such as taxonomy, genetic diversity, or biogeography. Moreover, many anthropogenic disturbances such as pollution, introduction of non-native species, or global warming change the macroalgal biodiversity patterns.
Chapter3:
Suez canal:
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The canal occupies a strategic position and is considered as the shortest route of trade between Europe and Asia. In 2015 the Egyptian government finished a nearly $8.5 billion project to improve the canal and significantly increase its capacity; nearly 29 km (18 miles) were added to its original length of 164 km (102 miles). The importance of Suez Canal augmented with the enlargement process which changes many aspects in its characteristics particularly, the biological ones. This chapter aim to have reliable information based on seaweeds biodiversity from the beginning of the last century till this time to register any potential changes in seaweeds biodiversity after the enlargement and create a snapshot of the benthic flora inhabiting the Canal.
Chapter 4:
Recent Introduced Algal Species in the Egyptian Marine Waters:
Marine non-indigenous species (NIS) pose considerable threats and rep-resent a significant risk to the receiving environments. They could exhibit invasive behavior and cause changes to ecosystem structure and function, prohibit the delivery of ecosystem services, or even result in detrimental socioeconomic implications in coastal areas. The increased globalization and rising tendencies in human activities including shipping, aquaculture, fishing, tourism, and the aquarium trade have hastened the introduction of new NIS in recent decades. In addition, climatic change is one of the most important factors that have severe impacts on the marine ecosystems, including fauna and flora biodiversity. This chapter deals with the problem of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) and their effect on native seaweeds and their biodiversity in the Egyptian waters. This chapter is also monitoring their presence which is essential for marine environmental management and sustainable development.
... Its coastal areas of Egypt are very interesting high temperatures and competition with coastal flora and fauna [32]. Therefore, it is very important to study their variations and distribution at different times and places [33]. In this study, green, red and brown macroalgae species were collected from the Red Sea shore, Egypt, during four seasons. ...
Macroalgae are significant biological resources in coastal marine ecosystems. Seasonality influences macroalgae biochemical characteristics, which consequentially affect their ecological and economic values. Here, macroalgae were surveyed from summer 2017 to spring 2018 at three sites at 7 km (south) from El Qusier, 52 km (north) from Marsa Alam and 70 km (south) from Safaga along the Red Sea coast, Egypt. Across all the macroalgae collected, Caulerpa prolifera (green macroalgae), Acanthophora spicifera (red macroalgae) and Cystoseira myrica, Cystoseira trinodis and Turbinaria ornata (brown macroalgae) were the most dominant macroalgal species. These macroalgae were identified at morphological and molecular (18s rRNA) levels. Then, the seasonal variations in macroalgal minerals and biochemical composition were quantified to determine the apt period for harvesting based on the nutritional requirements for commercial utilizations. The chemical composition of macroalgae proved the species and seasonal variation. For instance, minerals were more accumulated in macroalgae C. prolifera, A. spicifera and T. ornata in the winter season, but they were accumulated in both C. myrica and C. trinodis in the summer season. Total sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and phenolic contents were higher in the summer season. Accordingly, macroalgae collected during the summer can be used as food and animal feed. Overall, we suggest the harvesting of macroalgae for different nutrients and metabolites in the respective seasons.
... This is in accordance with the observed proliferation of Ulva and Chaetomorpha species near waste discharges at the Libyan coast (El-Adl et al. 2017). Furthermore, proliferation of these macroalgal species in the Suez Canal was associated with a marked ability to accumulate N and P from sewage-polluted waters (Mofeed & Deyab 2015). By contrast, as pollution avoiders, detection and proliferation of rhodophytes and ochrophytes were positively linked with seawater DO. ...
This pioneering investigation relates pollution indicators and substrate characteristics to algal diversity at seven sites along the eastern Libyan coast during autumn 2018 and spring 2019. Seawater chemical composition and algal diversity exhibited marked temporal and spatial variability. High concentrations of inorganic phosphorus (Pi), nitrite (NO2⁻) and nitrate (NO3⁻), along with low dissolved oxygen (DO) were used as indicators of water pollution. Water pollution status and nature of substrate were correlated with algal distribution and diversity. The algal community was dominated by rhodophytes followed by chlorophytes and ochrophytes, whereas cyanophytes and xanthophytes were rare. Interestingly, Xanthophyta was represented by the freshwater alga Vaucheria piloboloides. Chlorophytes, particularly Ulva spp, were associated with polluted sites, whereas rhodophytes and ochrophytes dominated the more pristine sites. Chlorophytes, rhodophytes and xanthophytes were more abundant in the cold season (October–December), whereas cyanophytes and ochrophytes were found in greater abundance in the warm season (March–May). In addition to the effect of pollution and climate, the nature of the substrate had a profound influence on algal diversity. The agreement between frequency of occurrence and percentage cover observed in cyanophytes, chlorophytes and ochrophytes was less evident in rhodophytes. The present work concludes that the enhanced urbanization at the eastern Libyan coast, with emergence of point source pollution mainly of municipal and industrial origins, has impacted the diversity of algal communities, leading to dominance of Chlorophyta, particularly Ulva spp, over the other algal groups at polluted sites.
... Suez Bay area showed rising of Ca +2 , Na + , K + , HCO -, Cl-, and SO4 2-values compared to the other areas and this may be attributed to the high pollution of seawater which receive huge number of pollutants as a result of the activity of the condensed petroleum industrialization, discharged run-off from fertilizer and glass factories in addition the organic wastes from city sewage in this area [33]. Port Said area showed the greatest values of nitrogen and phosphorus than the other studied areas. ...
... Dendrogram analysis classified site II (port Said) in separate group with high dissimilarity compared with the major other group contain IV and I (port Said) with separation from VI, VII and VIII (Suez Bay), where VI & VIII were gathered in minor subgroup. This is agreed with Mofeed and Deyab, 2015 [33], who reported that, seaweeds in natural systems have the ability to resist and to recover from disturbance, but it is largely dependent on life composition in the aquatic environment. ...
The noticeable lack in macroalgae number and their vegetation composition in the Suez Canal district may refer to the importance of studying and following the temporal and spatial patterns that are in change in space and time. Therefore, we have to follow regular biodiversity monitoring to elucidate the changes to seaweed vegetation in the Suez Canal area that might occur as seasonal variations or anthropogenic impacts. The present study extended from summer 2020 to spring 2021 along the Suez Canal district, including eight sites at Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea, Timsah Lake in Ismailia and Suez Bay in the Red Sea. Distribution of seaweeds is usually affected by environmental factors as temperature, salinity, pH, and water chemistry. Most of the chemical parameters recorded very high concentrations (high significant) at the sites in the Suez Bay area during all seasons, excluding nitrogen and phosphorus, which were elevated recordings in the Port Said area. El-Timsah Lake area recorded an increase in salinity which was considered as a brackish stratification type. The taxonomic groups of the recorded species showed a total of 39 macroalgal taxa (20 Chlorophyta, 16 Rhodophyta and 3 Phaeophyta). Port Said area recorded the highest significant number of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta communities. The relative abundance of macroalgal divisions was Chlorophyta, which formed the main coverage. Enteromorpha-Ulva community was characterized during all the study seasons. Multivariate analysis showed the great relation between seaweed distribution, physicochemical parameters and seasonal variations.
... ( El-Asmar et al., 2015). Mofeed et al., (2015) collected macrooalgal groups throughout one year from five sites along the Suez Canal (Port Said, Qantara, Ismailia, Fayed, and Suez). The authors reported a total of 34 macroalgal species (14 Chlorophyta, 12 Phaeophyta, and 8 Rhodophyta). ...
Marine algae (Seaweeds) are photosynthetic organisms living in seas and oceans. They are known to have several benefits and are recognized as a source of several important bioactive compounds. In the present review, we present brief information concerning marine algae, their classification, distribution, and importance. Also, we are focusing on studies concerning marine algae collected from Egyptian coasts. The review highlights the important studies concerned by evaluating the bioactivity and chemical composition of marine algae in Egypt. The present review contains the main results of experimental studies discussing the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer activities of seaweeds. It also contains principle results for studies about the use of seaweed biomass as adsorbents for water treatment and as environmental pollution bio-monitors. The data provided in this review offer a scientific background about marine algae in Egypt that could be very helpful for researchers working in this area. © 2020, Egyptian Society for the Development of Fisheries and Human Health. All rights reserved.
... It is essential to the metabolic activities of most aquatic organisms (Mofeed and Abdel-Aal, 2015). On the other hand, it required for transformation reactions (oxidation, nitrification, and decomposition) of all the chemical compounds in the water (Touliabah et al., 2002;Mofeed and Deyab, 2015). The average of dissolved oxygen during the investigation period fluctuated from 5.4 to 8.5 mg.L -1 , which means that Bardawil Lagoon can be considered as a well-oxygenated ecosystem because it usually contains concentrations of DO above the minimum WHO standard (5 mg .L -1 ) in water quality assessment (Nkwo et al., 2010). ...
Bardawil Lagoon is a source of wildlife and high-quality fish, so, it is imperative that it should be subject to continuous monitoring of both water quality and the phytoplankton composition. Samples were collected from ten sites representing different habitats of the lagoon, from summer 2017 to spring 2018. The water properties were determined; noticeable low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients were recorded. A total of 106 species belonging to six groups were recorded, among them Bacillariophyta (69 species) and Dinophyta (26 species). The obtained results clarify that Bacillariophytes prevailed in the eastern sites of Bardawil; on the contrary, Dinophytes occupied the sovereignty in the western sites of the lagoon. The most abundant Bacillariophytes were Licmophora gracilis, Gyrosigma acuminatum, Fragilaria construens, and Nitzschia sigmoidea; which formed more than 50% of total abounded diatoms. While, Protoperidinium leonis, Prorocentrum gracile and Protoperidinium granii were the dominant Dinophytes, giving it maximum at El-Rewak. From reviewing previous studies on the lagoon, it becomes clear that the phytoplankton composition varied widely from previously recorded, including the dominant species and their rates of sovereignty, which reflected economically on its fish productivity. Besides, the water quality in Bardawil fluctuated from slightly-polluted to moderately-polluted according to the diversity index, as a result of the recent, noticeable increase in human activities, especially fishing, which will be in turn reflected in the environment. Therefore, continuous follow-up through ecological assessment and monitoring studies of Bardawil became an urgent necessity.
